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. 2020 May 15;10:8011. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64913-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model of triterpenoid biosynthesis in Quercus suber cork tissue. From squalene epoxide (in center), the Q. suber lupeol synthase QsOSC1 (salmon) produces lupeol, which can then be used by P450 enzyme(s) (grey) to generate the betulinic acid detected in cork wax. The Q. suber amyrin synthase QsOSC2 (blue) generates α and β-amyrin, which P450 enzyme(s) (grey) then convert into uvaol, ursolic acid, erythrodiol, and oleanolic acid. The Q. suber friedelin synthase QsOSC3 (yellow) generates β-amyrin and friedelin, and the latter can then be converted into 23-hydroxy-friedelin by a P450 enzyme. Greyed structures have not been detected in cork.