Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Bipolar Patients | Controls | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 49.1 (1.9) | 47.6 (2.9) | 0.666 |
| Sex (% female) | 70.6 | 71.4 | 1.000 |
| Anthropometric and metabolic measures | |||
| Body mass index (BMI) | 30.1 (1.1) | 28.2 (1.5) | 0.358 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 (0.02) | 0.9 (0.03) | 0.230 |
| Risk of cardiovascular disease (Framingham risk score, Wilson et al., 1998) | 8.6 (1.5) | 4.9 (0.8) | 0.469 |
| Framingham heart age (Wilson et al., 1998) | 53.0 (5.3) | 47.7 (2) | 0.602 |
| Metabolic syndrome (Alberti et al., 2009) (% subjects) | 27.8 | 15.4 | 0.474 |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR score, Esteghamati et al., 2010) | 2.7 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.2) | 0.056 |
| Psychiatric characteristics | |||
| Depression severity (MADRS score, Hawley et al., 2002) | 18.1 (2.4) | 1.9 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety severity (HAM-A score, Leentjens et al., 2011) | 11.8 (1.5) | 2.0 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF score, Hall, 1995) | 66.8 (0.5) | 92.1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Medication use (% patients) | |||
| Lithium | 72 | .. | .. |
| Antiepileptics | 67 | .. | .. |
| Atypical antipsychotics | 56 | .. | .. |
| Antidepressants | 44 | .. | .. |
| Benzodiazepines | 56 | .. | .. |
| Melatonin | 19 | 0 | 0.169 |
| Blood pressure medication | 14 | 14 | 1.000 |
| Cholesterol medication | 14 | 0 | 0.304 |
Mean (standard error), unless otherwise indicated. Continuous variables were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and categorical variables were compared using Fisher's Exact Test. MADRS, Montgomery-Ǻsberg Depression Rating Scale; HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.