Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study cohort
| Variables | Overall (n = 5449) |
|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 64.0 (52.0, 75.0) |
| Male | 3317 (60.9) |
| Race | |
| Asian | 466 (8.6) |
| Black | 1123 (20.6) |
| White | 2112 (38.8) |
| Declined | 32 (0.6) |
| Other/multiracial | 1494 (27.4) |
| Other/unknown | 222 (4.1) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1145 (21.0) |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 3953 (72.5) |
| Other/unknown | 351 (6.4) |
| Language | |
| English | 4433 (81.4) |
| Spanish | 640 (11.7) |
| Other | 376 (6.9) |
| Insurance status | |
| Commercial | 1856 (34.1) |
| Medicaid | 1141 (20.9) |
| Medicare | 2292 (42.1) |
| Self-pay | 114 (2.1) |
| Other | 46 (0.8) |
| Hospital type | |
| Tertiary | 3765 (69.1) |
| Community | 1684 (30.9) |
| Comorbid conditionsa | |
| HTN | 3037 (55.7) |
| CAD | 600 (11.0) |
| HF | 349 (6.4) |
| PVD | 98 (1.8) |
| Diabetes | 1797 (33.0) |
| HIV | 35 (0.6) |
| Chronic liver disease | 114 (2.1) |
| COPD | 296 (5.4) |
| Asthma | 460 (8.4) |
| OSA | 164 (3.0) |
| Cancer | 327 (6.0) |
| Obesity | 1475 (27.1) |
| Morbid obesity | 456 (8.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 (25.4, 33.1) |
| Admission SCr (mg/dl) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.34) |
| Medications | |
| No. of medications | 4 (1, 8) |
| ACE-I | 654 (13.3) |
| ARB | 902 (18.3) |
| ICU | 1395 (25.6) |
| Mechanical ventilator | 1190 (21.8) |
| ECMO | 10 (0.2) |
| Inotropesb | 54 (1.0) |
| Vasopressorc | 1168 (21.4) |
| CCI | 4 (2, 6) |
| Length of stay (d) | |
| Discharged/expired | 5.7 (3.3, 8.7) |
| Currently hospitalized | 12.0 (9.3, 16.0) |
| Disposition | |
| Discharged | 3280 (60.2) |
| Expired | 888 (16.3) |
| Currently admitted | 1281 (23.5) |
ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCI, Charleson Comorbidity Index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; ICU, intensive care unit; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SCr, serum creatinine.
Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%).
Chronic kidney disease was not included as a comorbid condition because prehospitalization estimated glomerular filtration rate was available only in 15% of patients.
Inotropes include dobutamine and milrinone.
Vasopressors include norepinephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, dopamine, and angiotensin-2 infusion.