Table 5.

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of risk factors associated with the development of AKI

Variable	Unadjusted OR	95% CI	P value	Adjusted ORa	95% CI	P value
Age (yr)	1.03	1.02–1.03	<0.001	1.03	1.03–1.04	<0.001b
Male	1.21	1.08–1.35	0.001	1.14	0.97–1.33	0.10
White race	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Asian	0.84	0.68–1.04	0.11	0.83	0.61–1.12	0.23
Black	0.93	0.80–1.08	0.32	1.23	1.01–1.50	0.04b
Other/mixed	0.81	0.71–0.93	0.003	0.84	0.69–1.03	0.09
Unknown	0.9	0.69–1.18	0.44	0.74	0.50–1.11	0.15
Tertiary hospital	0.89	0.79–1.00	0.05	0.90	0.77–1.06	0.20
Diabetes	1.84	1.64–2.06	<0.001	1.76	1.49–2.07	<0.001b
Hypertension	1.81	1.61–2.02	<0.001	1.25	1.04–1.50	0.02b
Cardiovascular diseasec	2.05	1.77–2.37	<0.001	1.48	1.22–1.80	<0.001b
Respiratory diseased	1.09	0.93–1.26	0.29	—	—	—
Obesity, BMI ≥30 kg/m2	1.12	1.00–1.26	0.05	1.11	0.94–1.31	0.22
HIV	0.69	0.33–1.44	0.33	—	—	—
Cancer	1.2	0.96–1.51	0.11	1.09	0.82–1.45	0.54
Chronic liver disease	1.01	0.69–1.49	0.95	—	—	—
Mechanical ventilation	31.60	25.80–38.60	<0.001	10.7	6.81–16.70	<0.001b
Vasoactive medicatione	31.40	25.60–38.40	<0.001	4.53	2.88–7.13	<0.001b
ACE-I or ARB use	1.61	1.42–1.82	<0.001	0.87	0.73–1.04	0.12

ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

^aVariables were entered into the model when the α level of risk factor was less than 0.15. Age, sex, and race were added into the model regardless of α level.

^bIndependent risk factors include increased age, black race, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, mechanical ventilation, and vasoactive medication.

^cCardiovascular diseases include coronary artery disease, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease.

^dRespiratory diseases include asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

^eVasoactive medications include inotropes and vasopressors.