Table 5.

Adjusted associations between individuals’ characteristics and email communication with clinicians based on authors’ analysis of National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 2013-2018.

Independent variable		ORa (95% CI)	P value
Age (years)
	18-44	1.02 (0.95-1.09)	.57
	45-64	1.24 (1.16-1.32)	<.001
	65 years and older	Referent	Referent
Sex
	Female	0.80 (0.77-0.84)	<.001
	Male	Referent	Referent
Education
	Less than a high school diploma	0.18 (0.16-0.21)	<.001
	High school diploma or equivalent	0.29 (0.27-0.31)	<.001
	Some college, no degree	0.43 (0.40-0.47)	<.001
	Associate’s degree	0.46 (0.43-0.50)	<.001
	Bachelor’s degree	0.71 (0.67-0.76)	<.001
	Graduate or professional degree	Referent	Referent
Hispanic
	Yes	0.79 (0.73-0.86)	<.001
	No	Referent	Referent
Race
	Black	0.83 (0.77-0.90)	<.001
	Other race	0.98 (0.90-1.08)	.73
	White	Referent	Referent
Speak English
	Not at all	0.29 (0.17-0.51)	<.001
	Not well	0.30 (0.22-0.41)	<.001
	Well	0.73 (0.64-0.84)	<.001
	Very well	Referent	Referent
Region
	Northeast	0.50 (0.45-0.57)	<.001
	Midwest	0.62 (0.55-0.68)	<.001
	South	0.58 (0.52-0.64)	<.001
	West	Referent	Referent
Health insurance
	Uninsured	0.52 (0.46-0.58)	<.001
	Medicaid or other public payer	0.65 (0.59-0.71)	<.001
	Medicare	1.01 (0.93-1.09)	.88
	Military	1.11 (0.97-1.28)	.13
	Private	Referent	Referent
Saw/spoke to clinician in prior 12 months
	Physician	4.81 (4.31-5.36)	<.001
	Nonphysician clinician	2.19 (1.89-2.53)	<.001
	None	Referent	Referent
Internet use
	Yes	11.10 (9.39-13.11)	<.001
	No	Referent	Referent
Survey year
	2013	0.43 (0.39-0.48)	<.001
	2014	0.42 (0.39-0.46)	<.001
	2015	0.63 (0.59-0.69)	<.001
	2016	0.74 (0.69-0.79)	<.001
	2017	0.86 (0.80-0.92)	<.001
	2018	Referent	Referent

^aOR: odds ratio.