Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included HF patients.
| All HF patients (n = 72) | With events (n = 27) | Without events (n = 45) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics and comorbidities | ||||
| Age (years) | 57.7 (9.2) | 56.9 (8.9) | 58.1 (9.5) | 0.45 |
| Male [n (%)] | 49 (72.9) | 17 (63.0) | 32 (71.1) | 0.65 |
| Smoking [n (%)] | 24 (33.3) | 11 (40.7) | 13 (28.9) | 0.44 |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 49 (68.1) | 18 (66.7) | 31 (68.9) | 0.95 |
| Diabetes [n (%)] | 32 (44.4) | 13 (48.1) | 19 (42.2) | 0.81 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter [n (%)] | 33 (45.8) | 13 (48.1) | 20 (44.4) | 0.95 |
| Type of heart failure | 0.76 | |||
| HFrEF [n (%)] | 19 (16.4) | 8 (29.6) | 11 (24.4) | |
| HFmrEF [n (%)] | 17 (23.6) | 7 (25.9) | 10 (22.2) | |
| HFpEF [n (%)] | 36 (50.0) | 12 (44.4) | 24 (53.3) | |
| LVEF | 50.0 (38.9, 59.4) | 46.0 (38.9, 58.0) | 52.1 (38.5, 60.1) | 0.59 |
| LVEF in patients with HFrEF | 33.2 (27.9, 36.7) | 32.1 (27.5, 36.5) | 35.3 (28.4, 37.0) | 0.74 |
| LVEF in patients with HFmrEF | 45.1 (43.2, 47.8) | 44.6 (43.0, 47.5) | 46.0 (43.2, 48.0) | 0.67 |
| LVEF in patients with HFpEF | 56.9 (53.4, 67.2) | 55.8 (53.2, 68.0) | 58.2 (54.0, 66.3) | 0.88 |
| Causes of heart failure | ||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 48 (66.7) | 16 (59.3) | 32 (71.1) | 0.44 |
| Valvular heart disease | 14 (19.4) | 7 (25.9) | 7 (15.6) | 0.45 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 10 (13.9) | 4 (14.8) | 6 (13.3) | 0.86 |
| Current medication | ||||
| ACEI/ARBs [n (%)] | 52 (72.2) | 22 (81.5) | 30 (66.7) | 0.28 |
| Aldosterone antagonist [n (%)] | 50 (69.4) | 18 (66.7) | 32 (71.1) | 0.89 |
| CCB [n (%)] | 22 (30.6) | 9 (33.3) | 13 (28.9) | 0.89 |
| Beta-blockers [n (%)] | 33 (45.8) | 14 (51.9) | 19 (42.2) | 0.58 |
| Loop diuretics/HCT [n (%)] | 58 (80.6) | 25 (92.6) | 33 (73.3) | 0.09 |
| Digoxin [n (%)] | 42 (58.3) | 15 (55.6) | 27 (60.0) | 0.90 |
| Statins [n (%)] | 59 (81.9) | 24 (88.9) | 35 (77.8) | 0.38 |
| Antithrombotics [n (%)] | 55 (76.4) | 19 (70.4) | 36 (80.0) | 0.52 |
| Physical examination | ||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 91.1 (18.5) | 93.0 (17.3) | 89.9 (19.3) | 0.40 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 147.6 (23.9) | 143.3 (24.4) | 150.1 (23.5) | 0.25 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 81.5 (16.5) | 79.8 (16.5) | 82.5 (16.7) | 0.51 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 (5.0) | 26.2 (5.2) | 25.0 (4.9) | 0.32 |
| Laboratory indices | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 116.9 (18.5) | 115.2 (18.8) | 117.8 (18.5) | 0.34 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 34.9 (32.7, 44.8) | 34.5 (32.5, 47.5) | 36.9 (33.4, 44.8) | 0.53 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 52.8 (45.4, 73.5) | 52.7 (45.3, 73.0) | 52.9 (45.4, 73.7) | 0.94 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.8 (6.1, 10.4) | 7.4 (5.8, 10.3) | 8.2 (6.5, 10.4) | 0.31 |
| HbA1c | 6.4 (5.8, 7.6) | 6.0 (5.7, 7.4) | 6.4 (5.9, 7.8) | 0.22 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.9 (3.9, 5.4) | 4.9 (3.9, 5.3) | 4.9 (3.9, 5.6) | 0.67 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.7 (2.2, 2.9) | 2.6 (2.1, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.4, 2.9) | 0.12 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.38 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.3 (1.9, 3.2) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.8) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.4) | 0.30 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 7.6 (2.1, 9.7) | 8.0 (4.0, 14.1) | 5.8 (1.6, 8.9) | 0.08 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 133.8 (11.4) | 134.2 (11.8) | 133.5 (11.3) | 0.80 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.0 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.8) | 0.22 |
| NT-proBNP (ng/L) | 4251.3 (1757.6, 8957.8.1) | 6942.9 (5410.2, 10199.5) | 3763.6 (1965.6, 8495.5.5) | 0.03 |
| SFRP2 (μg/L) | 30.5 (23.3, 33.4) | 32.0 (27.8, 35.9) | 28.1 (21.1, 33.2) | 0.04 |
| ECV fraction (%) | 35.6 (32.1-40.6) | 39.2 (34.7-41.4) | 33.3 (30.7-37.0) | 0.01 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean (standard deviation). Categorical variables are expressed as number (percentages). ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ECV: extracellular volume; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HCT: hydrochlorothiazide; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF: heart failure; HFmEF: HF with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF: HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: HF with reduced ejection fraction; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; SFRP2: secreted frizzled-related protein 2.