Table 1.
Means and standard deviations of participant characteristics
| Experiment1 | Experiment 2 | Experiment 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD |
| Age | 20.3 | 2.0 | 20.6 | 2.2 | 20.1 | 2.6 |
| Age of Acquisition of English | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
| Age of Acquisition of Spanish | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
| Self-rated spoken English proficiencya | 6.7 | 0.5 | 6.7 | 0.6 | 6.5 | 0.7 |
| Self-rated spoken Spanish proficiencya | 5.9 | 1.1 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 5.8 | 0.9 |
| Current percent of English use | 78.8 | 16.8 | 79.3 | 16.5 | 87.1 | 12.4 |
| Percent of English use during childhood | 54.6 | 15.2 | 58.4 | 15.9 | 54.8 | 20.7 |
| Primary caregiver English proficiencya | 3.7 | 1.9 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 2.1 |
| Secondary caregiver English proficiencya | 3.5 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 2.2 |
| Primary caregiver Spanish proficiencya | 6.8 | 0.6 | 6.8 | 0.5 | 6.9 | 0.5 |
| Secondary caregiver Spanish proficiencya | 6.9 | 0.3 | 6.8 | 0.5 | 7.0 | 0 |
| Years lived in Spanish-speaking country | 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 4.0 |
| MINT score in Englishb | 61.4 | 2.7 | 62.5 | 2.9 | 61.4 | 3.3 |
| MINT score in Spanishb | 47.0 | 8.4 | 45.4 | 9.2 | 42.3 | 8.6 |
a
Proficiency-level self-ratings were obtained using a scale from 1 (almost none) to 7 (like a native speaker).
b
The maximum possible MINT score is 68
Note. The only difference between Experiments 2 and 3 is that, English was reported to be used more frequently, and second caregivers’ Spanish proficiency was higher than in Experiment 2 (ps ≤ .038).