Table 6.
GRADE analysis: summary of findings
| Number of participants (studies) | Study limitations (risk of bias) | Publication bias | Imprecision | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Overall certainty of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main outcome: overall cognition (measured with TICS-m and MMSE) | ||||||
| 14.250 (7 RCTs) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations |
++++ High |
| Secondary outcome: processing speed | ||||||
| 1.038 (2 RCTs) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations |
++++ High |
| Secondary outcome: memory | ||||||
| 705 (3 RCTs) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations |
++++ High |
| Secondary outcome: attention | ||||||
| 299 (1 RCT) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations |
++++ High |
| Secondary outcome: verbal ability | ||||||
| 211 (1 RCT) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations |
++++ High |
| Secondary outcome: executive function | ||||||
| 115 (1 RCT) | Serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations |
+++ Moderate |
| Additional analysis: effects in favor of placebo | ||||||
| 610 (3 RCTs) | Moderate limitations | Moderate limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations |
+++ Moderate |