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. 2020 Mar 12;63(3):793–813. doi: 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00012

Table 5.

Heritability, common environment, and residual error estimates (Est), standard errors (SEs), and lower and upper 95% confidence limits (LCL, UCL) by phenotype, zygosity, age, and affectedness (Aff) criteria.

Outcome Aff criterion Age h 2 heritability
c 2 common environment
e 2 residual error
Est SE LCL UCL Est SE LCL UCL Est SE LCL UCL
PPVT-III Vocabulary −1.00 SD 4 .64 .24 .03 1.00 .07 .20 .00 .39 .29 .08 .08 .41
6 .86 .37 .00 1.00 .00 .33 .00 .43 .36 .10 .01 .41
−1.25 SD 4 .16 .31 .00 .66 .43 .23 .00 .81 .41 .12 .10 .61
6 .37 .37 .00 .98 .39 .31 .00 .90 .24 .11 .00 .43
−1.50 SD 4 −.15 .43 .00 .56 .61 .30 .00 1.00 .53 .18 .08 .82
6 .37 .41 .00 1.00 .48 .36 .00 1.00 .15 .10 .00 .32
TOLD-P:3 Spoken Language −1.00 SD 4 .36 .19 .00 .67 .37 .15 .00 .61 .28 .07 .10 .39
6 .65 .19 .16 .96 .13 .16 .00 .39 .22 .06 .06 .32
−1.25 SD 4 .23 .24 .00 .62 .40 .18 .00 .70 .37 .09 .13 .52
6 .83 .19 .34 1.00 .05 .17 .00 .33 .13 .05 .01 .20
−1.50 SD 4 .59 .34 .00 1.00 .13 .28 .00 .58 .28 .11 .00 .47
6 .73 .24 .12 1.00 .11 .21 .00 .46 .16 .06 .00 .27
TOLD-P:3 Semantics −1.00 SD 4 .28 .24 .00 .67 .27 .18 .00 .56 .45 .09 .21 .60
6 .52 .25 .00 .93 .09 .19 .00 .40 .39 .09 .15 .54
−1.25 SD 4 .30 .34 .00 .85 .11 .25 .00 .52 .59 .13 .25 .81
6 .79 .26 .12 1.00 .00 .22 .00 .29 .34 .08 .07 .41
−1.50 SD 4 .26 .41 .00 .94 .21 .30 .00 .70 .53 .17 .10 .80
6 .87 .28 .16 1.00 .00 .24 .00 .29 .33 .08 .02 .37
TOLD-P:3 Syntax −1.00 SD 4 .69 .19 .21 .99 .11 .16 .00 .37 .20 .06 .05 .30
6 .63 .19 .15 .94 .17 .16 .00 .43 .20 .06 .05 .30
−1.25 SD 4 .33 .27 .00 .77 .28 .21 .00 .62 .39 .10 .13 .55
6 .88 .22 .31 1.00 .00 .20 .00 .27 .23 .06 .03 .27
−1.50 SD 4 .21 .32 .00 .74 .36 .25 .00 .77 .43 .12 .12 .63
6 .90 .22 .34 1.00 .00 .20 .00 .32 .13 .05 .00 .19
GFTA-2 Speech −1.00 SD 4 .24 .28 .00 .70 .60 .24 .00 .99 .16 .09 .00 .31
6 1.52 .50 .25 1.00 .00 .47 .00 .10 .84 .09 .00 .30
−1.25 SD 4 .28 .24 .00 .67 .66 .21 .10 1.00 .07 .06 .00 .17
6 .89 .52 .00 1.00 .03 .51 .00 .86 .08 .07 .00 .20
−1.50 SD 4 .14 .25 .00 .56 .76 .21 .22 1.00 .10 .08 .00 .23
6 .69 .51 .00 1.00 .22 .49 .00 1.00 .10 .08 .00 .23
MLU −1.00 SD 4 .83 .27 .14 1.00 .00 .21 .00 .15 .56 .09 .12 .52
6 .74 .29 .00 1.00 .00 .23 .00 .25 .51 .10 .12 .55
−1.25 SD 4 .64 .29 .00 1.00 .02 .23 .00 .40 .34 .10 .08 .51
6 .38 .40 .00 1.00 .00 .30 .00 .47 .67 .15 .25 .90
−1.50 SD 4 1.09 .30 .32 1.00 .00 .27 .00 .18 .44 .08 .00 .30
6
TEGI Composite −1.00 SD 4 .48 .16 .06 .75 .34 .13 .00 .56 .18 .05 .04 .26
6 .71 .20 .19 1.00 .08 .17 .00 .36 .22 .06 .06 .32
−1.25 SD 4 .42 .17 .00 .70 .39 .14 .04 .62 .19 .06 .05 .29
6 .91 .19 .43 1.00 .00 .17 .00 .25 .15 .04 .01 .19
−1.50 SD 4 .43 .17 .00 .71 .40 .14 .04 .63 .17 .06 .03 .26
6 .86 .19 .37 1.00 .04 .18 .00 .33 .10 .04 .00 .17
TEGI Screener −1.00 SD 4 .54 .16 .13 .80 .31 .14 .00 .54 .15 .05 .03 .23
6 .29 .24 .00 .69 .36 .19 .00 .66 .36 .09 .13 .50
−1.25 SD 4 .51 .16 .10 .77 .36 .14 .01 .58 .14 .05 .02 .21
6 .49 .23 .00 .86 .27 .19 .00 .58 .25 .08 .06 .37
−1.50 SD 4 .50 .15 .11 .75 .39 .13 .04 .61 .11 .04 .01 .18
6 .52 .23 .00 .90 .28 .20 .00 .60 .20 .07 .02 .32
CMMS Nonverbal IQ −1.00 SD 4 .01 .39 .00 .65 .31 .27 .00 .76 .68 .16 .27 .95
6 1.39 .51 .07 1.00 .00 .48 .00 .22 .76 .10 .00 .35
−1.25 SD 4 −.81 .60 .00 .18 .89 .38 .00 1.00 .92 .27 .23 1.00
6 .37 .26 .00 .80 .06 .21 .00 .41 .57 .09 .35 .72
−1.50 SD 4 .18 .74 .00 1.00 .35 .57 .00 1.00 .47 .27 .00 .92
6 .20 .17 .00 .48 .41 .13 .07 .63 .39 .06 .23 .50

Note. Negative heritability estimates occurred when the intraclass correlation for dizygotic twins was greater than the intraclass correlation for monozygotic twins, and heritability estimates greater than 1 occurred in models where the intraclass correlation for monozygotic twins was .5 greater than the intraclass correlation for dizygotic twins. LCLs and UCLs were truncated at 0 and 1, respectively; c 2 estimates ≤ 0 were converted to 0. Blank rows indicate that the model did not estimate. PPVT-III = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–III; TOLD-P:3 = Test of Language Development–Primary: Third Edition; GFTA-2 = Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation–Second Edition; MLU = mean length of utterance as calculated by SALT software; TEGI = Rice–Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment; CMMS = Columbia Mental Maturity Scale.