Fig. 2.

Plethodontid salamander taxa (black branches) and outgroup taxa (gray branches) showing high-speed images of peak tongue projection. The suite of ballistic-projection characters (black bar) evolves in both major clades of plethodontids, Plethodontinae (P) and Hemidactyliinae (H). Symbols next to taxon names indicate tongue projection mechanism, peak projection velocity and thermal robustness of velocity, with higher performance and robustness indicated by larger symbols. Note the cooccurrence of velocity and its thermal robustness. Taxa without symbols have only morphological data. Branch lengths not indicated. See Methods for details of the phylogenetic analysis.