TABLE 2.
Participant characteristics after enrollment: maternal micronutrient status postpartum, obstetric outcomes, and infant outcomes1
| Characteristics | Entire cohort (n = 367) | Micronutrient substudy (n = 127) |
|---|---|---|
| Obstetric outcomes | ||
| Miscarriage (<20 wk) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) |
| Stillbirth (≥20 wk) | 10 (2.7) | 0 (0) |
| Neonatal death (<28 d) | 10 (2.8) | 5 (3.9) |
| Sex, male | 193 (54.2) | 71 (55.9) |
| Gestational age at birth, wk | 39.0 [37.6–40.1] | 39.1 [37.6–40.3] |
| <37 | 58 (16.3) | 19 (15.0) |
| <34 | 13 (3.7) | 5 (3.9) |
| Birth weight, g | 2900 [2670–3240] | 2900 [2700–3240] |
| 2500 | 56 (16.4) | 15 (12.2) |
| Preterm and low birth weight | 24 (7.0) | 8 (6.5) |
| SGA2 | 79 (23.1) | 26 (21.1) |
| Maternal micronutrient status postpartum3 | ||
| Hb, g/dL (≤7 d) | 12.1 [11.1–13.0] | 11.9 [11.1–13.0] |
| Anemia4 | 72 (22.3) | 25 (21.4) |
| Hb, g/dL (≤28 d) | 12.1 [11.1–13.0] | 12.0 [11.1–13.0] |
| Anemia4 | 77 (22.1) | 26 (20.8) |
| Plasma vitamin B-12, pmol/L | — | 413 [309–573] |
| <221.0 | — | 2 (3.4) |
| <148.0 | — | 0 (0) |
| Serum folate, nmol/L | — | 10.0 [7.0–18.1] |
| <13.5 | — | 38 (63.3) |
| <6.8 | — | 10 (16.7) |
| Vitamin D [25(OH)D3], ng/mL | — | 25.1 [18.2–32.5] |
| <30.0 | — | 41 (68.3) |
| <20.0 | — | 17 (28.3) |
| Infant outcomes | ||
| Length, cm | 48 [46–50] | 48 [46–50] |
| LAZ | −1.09 [−1.78 to −0.03] | −1.09 [−1.78 to −0.03] |
| LAZ < −2 | 73 (21.8) | 25 (21.2) |
| WAZ | −0.74 [−1.32 to −0.03] | −0.70 [−1.29 to −0.08] |
| WAZ < −2 | 40 (11.7) | 13 (10.6) |
| WLZ | −0.02 [−0.83 to 0.84] | −0.06 [−0.91 to 0.71] |
| WLZ < −2 | 21 (6.9) | 7 (6.4) |
| Ponderal index, g/cm3 | 0.027 [0.025–0.029] | 0.027 [0.025–0.029] |
| Head circumference, cm | 34 [33–35] | 34 [33–35] |
| Infant micronutrient status5 | ||
| Hb (at birth), g/dL | 16.0 [14.0–17.0] | 15.5 [14.0–17.0] |
| Anemia4 | 6 (3.4) | 2 (2.7) |
| Hb (≤7 d of age), g/dL | 16.0 [14.0–17.0] | 16.0 [14.0–17.0] |
| Anemia4 | 13 (4.4) | 3 (2.7) |
| Plasma vitamin B-12, pmol/L | — | 479 [364–614] |
| <221.0 | — | 0 (0) |
| <148.0 | — | 0 (0) |
| Serum folate, nmol/L | — | 14.0 [10.4–19.6] |
| <13.5 | — | 16 (44.4) |
| <6.8 | — | 2 (5.6) |
| Vitamin D [25(OH)D3], ng/mL | — | 17.4 [11.4–24.4] |
| <30.0 | — | 29 (82.9) |
| <20.0 | — | 20 (57.1) |
| <10.0 | — | 7 (20.0) |
Values are median [IQR] or n (%). Hb, hemoglobin; LAZ, length-for-age z score; SGA, small for gestational age; WAZ, weight-for-age z score; WLZ, weight-for-length z score.
SGA was defined as <10th percentile of gestational age, using sex-specific INTERGROWTH criteria (44).
Maternal postpartum micronutrient data were available in the first 98 d after delivery (median: 14.0 d; IQR: 0–84.0 d).
Maternal anemia was defined as Hb < 12.0 g/dL and infant anemia was defined as Hb < 11.0 g/dL based on WHO criteria.
Infant Hb concentrations were evaluated in the first 7 d of life; micronutrient concentrations were the first measurement in the first 98 d of life. Median (IQR) infant age at first measurement was 14.5 d (14.0–84.0 d) for vitamin B-12, 47.5 d (14.0–84.0 d) for folate, and 79 d (14.0–84.0 d) for vitamin D.