Figure 3. Anaphase bridge sources and outcomes.
(A,B) End-to-end fusion events and unresolved telomere catenanes generate bridges between dividing cells. (C) Bridge breakage can yield telomere sharing in which both chromosomes separate with telomeric sequence. (D) Catenanes can be resolved by the action of Topoisomerase 2, which untangles this class of DNA bridge. (E) Non-disjunction can occur during anaphase as a result of connected chromosomes. (F) Bridge rupture can induce multiple break points along a bridge resulting in chromothripsis. (G) Singular bridge breakage can occur resulting in all the telomeric sequence covalently linked to one chromosome. (H) Multiple bridge breakage sites can generate micronuclei.