Table 3.
Associations of artificially and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption with continuous BCF and insulin sensitivity measures (standardized betas and 95% confidence intervals)
| Model | Non-consumers (ref) | Moderate consumers | Daily consumers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Β | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | ||
| Artificially sweetened soft drink | ||||
| N | 1187 | 887 | 166 | |
| β-Cell glucose sensitivity | Crude | 0 | − 0.08 (− 0.12, − 0.04) | − 0.08 (− 0.12, − 0.03) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | − 0.06 (− 0.11, − 0.02) | − 0.05 (− 0.09, 0.00) | |
| β-Cell potentiation factor | Crude | 0 | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.01) | − 0.06 (− 0.10, − 0.01) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03) | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.02) | |
| C-peptidogenic index | Crude | 0 | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.02) | − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03) | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.04) | |
| Overall insulin secretion | Crude | 0 | − 0.07 (− 0.11, − 0.03) | − 0.07 (− 0.11, − 0.03) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | − 0.06 (− 0.10, − 0.02) | − 0.05 (− 0.09, − 0.01) | |
| Matsuda indexa | Crude | 0 | − 0.06 (− 0.10, − 0.02) | − 0.09 (− 0.13, − 0.05) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) | |
| Sugar-sweetened soft drink | ||||
| N | 825 | 1299 | 116 | |
| β-Cell glucose sensitivity | Crude | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.02, 0.07) | − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.00 (− 0.04, 0.05) | − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03) | |
| β-Cell potentiation factor | Crude | 0 | 0.02 (− 0.02, 0.06) | − 0.03 (− 0.07, 0.02) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.05) | − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02) | |
| C-peptidogenic index | Crude | 0 | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.06) | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.06) | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03) | |
| Overall insulin secretion | Crude | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.02, 0.07) | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.04) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.04) | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) | |
| Matsuda indexa | Crude | 0 | 0.00 (− 0.04, 0.04) | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.01) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.00 (− 0.04, 0.03) | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) | |
| Juice | ||||
| N | 274 | 1851 | 115 | |
| β-Cell glucose sensitivity | Crude | 0 | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.07) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.02, 0.08) | 0.00 (− 0.05, 0.05) | |
| β-Cell potentiation factor | Crude | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.05) | 0.02 (− 0.02, 0.07) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03) | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.06) | |
| C-peptidogenic index | Crude | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.00 (− 0.05, 0.05) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.00 (− 0.05, 0.05) | |
| Overall insulin secretion | Crude | 0 | 0.05 (0.1, 0.10) | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.06) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.02 (− 0.02, 0.07) | − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.04) | |
| Matsuda indexa | Crude | 0 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.06) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.02, 0.07) | 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.05) | |
| Total sugar-sweetened beverage | ||||
| N | 145 | 1689 | 406 | |
| β-Cell glucose sensitivity | Crude | 0 | 0.08 (0.01, 0.16) | 0.05 (− 0.03, 0.12) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.05 (− 0.02, 0.12) | 0.02 (− 0.05, 0.09) | |
| β-Cell potentiation factor | Crude | 0 | 0.04 (− 0.03, 0.11) | 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.09) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.09) | 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.08) | |
| C-peptidogenic index | Crude | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.04, 0.11) | 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.08) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.05, 0.10) | 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.09) | |
| Overall insulin secretion | Crude | 0 | 0.08 (0.01, 0.15) | 0.03 (− 0.04, 0.10) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.04 (− 0.03, 0.11) | − 0.01 (− 0.08, 0.07) | |
| Matsuda indexa | Crude | 0 | 0.08 (0.01, 0.15) | 0.00 (− 0.07, 0.08) |
| Fully adjusted | 0 | 0.04 (− 0.03, 0.10) | 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.08) | |
Positive values indicate a better BCF or insulin sensitivity, and negative values indicate a lower BCF or insulin sensitivity
Crude model: model adjusted for sex, age, and insulin sensitivity
Fully adjusted model: model adjusted for sex, age, insulin sensitivity, education, blood pressure expressed in MAP, lipid-modifying medication, antihypertensive medication, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, high-density cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, triglycerides, intake of dietary fibre, trans fat, red meat and fruit intake, mutual adjustment for the other beverage category, total energy intake, and body mass index
aMatsuda index is not adjusted for insulin sensitivity