Table 3.
Topical anti-inflammatory effects of maqui fruit extracts against phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced inflammation of mice ear oedema
| Drying methods | Topical anti-inflammatory effects | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dose (mg/ear) | %EATPA ± SEM | %EAAA ± SEM | |
| Fresh | 3 | 20.2 ± 3.8*,d,α | 8.3 ± 4.0e,α |
| FD | 3 | 51.8 ± 5.9*,b,α | 18.3 ± 3.8*,b,c,α |
| CD | 3 | 17.7 ± 4.2*,d,α | 15.0 ± 3.6*,c,α |
| SD | 3 | 28.2 ± 4.5*,c,α | 26.3 ± 4.6*,b,α |
| IRD | 3 | 33.1 ± 6.0*,c,α | 11.3 ± 4.0c,e,α |
| VD | 3 | 54.4 ± 5.3*,b,α | 18.8 ± 3.8*,b,α |
| IND | 0.5 | ↑92.9 ± 10.2*,a | n.d |
| NM | 1 | n.d | ↑48.8 ± 4.0*,a |
↑maximum effect of reference drugs; FD freeze drying, VD vacuum drying, IRD infrared radiation drying, CD convective drying, SD sun drying, EATPA topical anti-inflammatory effect against phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, EAAA topical anti-inflammatory effect against arachidonic acid, IND indomethacin, NIM nimesulide; n.d not determined
An asterisk (*) on a column denotes significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between samples respect to the negative control (100% of inflammation); a–d values in the same column with different superscripts indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) for each sample. An alpha (α) on a column represents significant differences between the samples and the reference drug (NIM or IND)