Table 4.
Association of urinary lead concentration with β-diversity (Bray-Curtis), unadjusted and adjusted for covariates.
| Outcome: | Bray-Curtis | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
|
| ||
| Variable | R2% (P) | R2% (P) |
| Urine Pba | 0.60 (0.001) | 0.35 (0.003) |
| Age | 1.03 (0.001) | |
| Gender (Female) | 0.49 (0.001) | |
| BMI | 0.35 (0.006) | |
| Antibiotics | ||
| Yes | 0.40 (0.003) | |
| Don’t know | 0.31 (0.020) | |
| No | Reference | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.46 (0.001) | |
| Hispanic | 0.21 (0.177) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.16 (0.495) | |
| Education | ||
| ≤ High School | Reference | |
| Some college | 0.19 (0.260) | |
| ≥ Bachelor’s Degree | 0.36 (0.005) | |
| Smoking | ||
| Never | Reference | |
| Current | 0.33 (0.010) | |
| Former | 0.23 (0.103) | |
| Fiber (g/1000 Kcal) | 0.74 (0.001) | |
| Urbanicity | ||
| Urban | Reference | |
| Suburban | 0.19 (0.305) | |
| Rural | 0.39 (0.001) | |
| Indoor pet (Yes) | 0.19 (0.279) | |
Data come from the microbiome study sample of the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin 2016–2017.
Abbreviations: Pb=lead; BMI=body mass index.
Results shown from PERMANOVA models, unadjusted and adjusted for covariates shown above.
a
Creatinine-adjusted and log transformed.