Table 5.
Association between metabolic syndrome and its components and salt taste threshold and suprathreshold perception.
|
Elevated Waist Circumference OR (95% CI); p |
Elevated Blood Pressure or Diagnosis of Hypertension OR (95% CI); p |
Elevated Fasting Plasma Glucose or Diagnosis of Diabetes OR (95% CI); p |
Elevated Triglycerides or Using Medications OR (95% CI); p |
Reduced HDL Cholesterol or Using Medications OR (95% CI); p |
Metabolic Syndrome OR (95% CI); p |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salt taste threshold | ||||||
| Higher salt taste threshold (lower acuity) | referent | referent | referent | referent | referent | referent |
| Intermediate salt taste threshold | 1.03 (0.72–1.46); 0.880 | 0.85 (0.65–1.13); 0.276 | 0.71 (0.48–1.06); 0.097 | 0.89 (0.68–1.19); 0.453 | 0.65 (0.47–0.91); 0.011 | 0.75 (0.57–0.99); 0.044 |
| Lower salt taste threshold (higher acuity) | 0.47 (0.27–0.82); 0.008 | 0.89 (0.66–1.20); 0.433 | 0.65 (0.45–0.94); 0.022 | 0.76 (0.57–1.02); 0.070 | 0.59 (0.42–0.84); 0.003 | 0.69 (0.52–0.92); 0.013 |
| Salt taste intensity perception § | ||||||
| No sensation to medium strong | referent | referent | referent | referent | referent | referent |
| Strong to very strong | 1.17 (0.64–2.17); 0.608 | 1.57 (0.86–2.77); 0.123 | 0.97 (0.45–2.11); 0.941 | 0.89 (0.52–1.52); 0.660 | 1.11 (059–2.08); 0.743 | 1.20 (0.81–1.77); 0.362 |
| Extremely strong | 0.91 (0.47–1.75); 0.766 | 1.18 (0.63–2.23); 0.602 | 0.90 (0.36–2.21); 0.812 | 0.87 (0.48–1.59); 0.648 | 1.23 (0.63–2.41); 0.550 | 0.65 (0.35–1.22); 0.177 |
| Salt taste hedonic perception § | ||||||
| Dislike | referent | referent | referent | referent | referent | referent |
| Neither like nor dislike | 1.04 (0.66–1.63); 0.883 | 1.13 (0.75–1.70); 0.554 | 0.74 (0.39–1.41); 0.360 | 0.78 (0.50–1.20); 0.254 | 1.01 (0.65–1.56); 0.976 | 1.35 (0.91–2.01); 0.139 |
| Like | 0.64 (0.35–1.19); 0.159 | 1.79 (0.97–3.31); 0.063 | 0.47 (0.16–1.33); 0.154 | 1.45 (0.82–2.59); 0.197 | 0.48 (0.22–1.03); 0.058 | 1.85 (1.02–3.35); 0.042 |
All models were adjusted for age, gender, place of residence, education level (three categories: primary, secondary, university), material status (quartiles), BMI (in all regression models except for elevated waist circumference), smoking (three categories: never-smokers, ex-smokers, active smokers), alcohol intake (units/week), physical activity (three categories: low, moderate, intensive), Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS), adding salt before tasting food (four categories: never, occasionally, often, almost always); § calculated from the sample subset including 1155 subjects.