Table 3.
Cox proportional hazards model for the incidence of acute ischemic events.
| Nondiabetic Patients | Diabetic Patients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Age, years | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) |
| Sex, male | 2.28 (1.14–4.56) | 2.45 (1.19.5.01) | 0.30 (0.11–0.82) | 0.32 (0.11–0.91) |
| Smoker, yes | 1.90 (1.08–3.35) | 1.97 (1.10–3.51) | 1.30 (0.41–4.19) | 1.71 (0.47–6.15) |
| Hypertension, yes | 1.46 (0.81–2.63) | 1.42 (0.78–2.56) | 3.08 (0.77–12.3) | 3.45 (0.87–13.7) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) |
| History of CVE, yes | 0.00 (0.00–1.5 × 1026) | 0.00 (0.00–1.8 × 1019) | 13.4 (2.60–69.4) | 12.4 (2.16–71.1) |
| Ejection fraction <40%, yes | 2.03 (0.95–4.36) | 1.75 (0.79–3.87) | 0.56 (0.18–1.77) | 0.63 (0.19–2.03) |
| Atrial Fibrillation, yes | 0.46 (0.11–1.96) | 0.48 (0.12–2.03) | 2.01 (0.39–10.3) | 2.11 (0.34–13.0) |
| Acute myocardial infarction, yes | 0.60 (0.35–1.03) | 0.62 (0.36–1.06) | 0.61 (0.24–1.55) | 0.57 (0.22–1.47) |
| Complete Revascularization | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 0.70 (0.42–1.16) | 0.61 (0.26–1.45) | 0.69 (0.28–1.70) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 1.00 (1.00.1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
| CKD-EPI <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.07 (0.55–2.08) | 0.93 (0.47–1.84) | 0.86 (0.31–2.37) | 0.93 (0.32–2.71) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, yes | 1.48 (0.53–4.11) | 1.43 (0.52–3.93) | 1.29 (0.12–13.4) | 1.57 (0.15–16.5) |
| AntiP2Y12, yes | 1.06 (0.62–1.81) | 1.14 (0.66–1.96) | 0.49 (0.20–1.23) | 0.60 (0.22–1.62) |
| Anticoagulants, yes | 1.43 (0.39–5.26) | 1.31 (0.34–5.08) | 1.01 (0.20–5.22) | 0.87 (0.16–4.84) |
| Statins, yes | 0.67 (0.30–1.50) | 0.68 (0.30–1.54) | 0.49 (0.14–1.73) | 0.61 (0.15–2.53) |
| ACE inhibitors, yes | 0.80 (0.45–1.41) | 0.75 (0.42–1.33) | 0.34 (0.14–0.83) | 0.35 (0.14–0.87) |
| ARB, yes | 1.38 (0.71–2.71) | 1.26 (0.63–2.51) | 0.77 (0.26–2.26) | 0.57 (0.17–1.82) |
| Anti-aldosterone, yes | 1.06 (0.38–2.93) | 0.88 (0.30–2.58) | 1.31 (0.33–5.23) | 1.03 (0.24–4.40) |
| β-Blockers, yes | 1.10 (0.59–2.06) | 1.16 (0.61–2.20) | 0.99 (0.42–2.33) | 0.87 (0.36–2.06) |
| Nitrates, yes | 1.42 (0.75–2.67) | 1.27 (0.66–2.44) | 1.33 (0.53–3.34) | 1.10 (0.42–2.87) |
| Diuretics, yes | 0.93 (0.49–1.75) | 0.99 (0.52–1.88) | 0.77 (0.31–1.94) | 0.66 (0.23–1.89) |
| Insulin, yes | - | - | 2.37 (1.05–5.34) | 2.29 (0.95–5.53) |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs, yes | - | - | 0.70 (0.30–1.60) | 0.73 (0.30–1.80) |
| Hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.97 (0.93–1.03) |
| NT-proBNP, 1-SD | - | 1.15 (0.89–1.47) | - | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) |
| MCP-1, 1-SD | - | 1.23 (1.01–1.49) | - | 0.78 (0.44–1.38) |
| Gal-3, 1-SD | - | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | - | 1.83 (1.13–2.98) |
| Hs-cTnT, 1-SD | - | 1.18 (0.35–3.96) | - | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) |
Model 1 was adjusted by age; gender; smoking status; hypertension; body mass index; low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and triglyceride plasma levels; history of cerebrovascular events (CVE), ejection fraction <40%, or atrial fibrillation; glomerular filtration rate assessed by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration method <60 (CKD-EPI); high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP); therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, antiP2Y12, anticoagulants, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), anti-aldosterone, β-blockers, nitrates, and/or nitroglycerin; diuretic use; and type of last acute coronary event or existence of complete revascularization at the event. In diabetic patients, Model 1 also included therapy with insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs. Model 2 risk was adjusted for factors in Model 1 and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), Monocyte chemoattractant protin-1 (MCP-1), Galectin-3 (Gal-3), and high sensitivity-TroponinT (hs-Tn). Standard deviation (SD). Significant results are expressed in bold characters.