Table 4.
Cox proportional hazards model for the incidence of heart failure or death.
| Nondiabetic Patients | Diabetic Patients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Age, years | 1.12 (1.08–1.15) | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 1.10 (1.04–1.15) |
| Sex, male | 1.27 (0.53–3.05) | 1.50 (0.60–3.78) | 0.57 (0.16–1.97) | 0.87 (0.22–3.40) |
| Smoker, yes | 0.49 (0.22–1.10) | 0.57 (0.24–1.33) | 2.58 (0.70–9.55) | 3.55 (0.79–15.9) |
| Hypertension, yes | 1.31 (0.60–2.85) | 1.19 (0.53–2.68) | 1.50 (0.28–8.08) | 2.02 (0.38–10.8) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) |
| History of CVE, yes | 2.30 (0.57–9.18) | 2.70 (0.68–10.8) | 10.2 (1.31–80.2) | 10.0 (0.98–102.8) |
| Ejection fraction <40%, yes | 3.31 (1.54–7.11) | 2.14 (0.89–5.12) | 0.34 (0.08–1.45) | 0.48 (0.12–1.96) |
| Atrial Fibrillation, yes | 1.00 (0.33–3.05) | 0.70 (0.21–2.36) | 6.49 (1.04–40.4) | 8.84 (1.07–73.7) |
| Acute myocardial infarction, yes | 1.00 (0.52–1.93) | 0.86 (0.43–1.69) | 2.38 (0.78–7.19) | 2.02 (0.66–6.15) |
| Complete Revascularization | 0.71 (0.37–1.38) | 0.65 (0.33–1.30) | 1.43 (0.50–4.05) | 1.31 (0.47–3.66) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 1.04 (0.98–1.07) | 1.03 (0.98–1.05) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| CKD-EPI <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.85 (0.44–1.65) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.33 (0.50–3.54) | 0.86 (0.29–2.50) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, yes | 0.95 (0.40–2.27) | 0.73 (0.29–1.82) | 0.31 (0.04–2.48) | 0.44 (0.05–3.83) |
| AntiP2Y12, yes | 0.93 (0.49–1.76) | 0.94 (0.49–1.82) | 0.43 (0.13–1.35) | 0.36 (0.10–1.22) |
| Anticoagulants, yes | 1.36 (0.47–4.00) | 1.12 (0.33–3.79) | 15.9 (1.62–157.0) | 33.32 (2.46-450.5) |
| Statins, yes | 0.35 (0.14–0.84) | 0.29 (0.11–0.76) | 0.90 (0.14–5.55) | 0.84 (0.10–7.21) |
| ACE inhibitors, yes | 1.05 (0.48–2.27) | 1.30 (0.54–3.12) | 0.98 (0.29–3.25) | 0.72 (0.20–2.59) |
| ARB, yes | 0.40 (0.14–1.14) | 0.51 (0.17–1.55) | 1.13 (0.29–4.47) | 0.74 (0.16–3.52) |
| Anti-aldosterone, yes | 0.47 (0.15–1.44) | 0.60 (0.18–1.99) | 10.2 (2.82–39.9) | 7.59 (1.66–34.7) |
| β-Blockers, yes | 0.64 (0.34–1.23) | 0.60 (0.30–1.18) | 0.88 (0.32–2.46) | 0.90 (0.32–2.57) |
| Nitrates, yes | 1.02 (0.44–1.65) | 0.83 (0.36–1.91) | 3.86 (1.16–12.8) | 4.05 (1.20–13.6) |
| Diuretics, yes | 2.02 (1.05–3.87) | 1.59 (0.78–3.24) | 1.84 (0.56–6.02) | 1.32 (0.37–4.72) |
| Insulin, yes | - | - | 2.82 (1.03–7.72) | 2.59 (0.81–8.31) |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs, yes | - | - | 2.25 (0.71–7.14) | 1.88 (0.53–6.75) |
| Hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) |
| NT-proBNP, 1-SD | - | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | - | 1.29 (0.91–1.83) |
| MCP-1, 1-SD | - | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) | - | 0.89 (0.47–1.67) |
| Gal-3, 1-SD | - | 1.22 (0.96–1.56) | - | 2.14 (1.17–3.91) |
| Hs-cTnT, 1-SD | - | 2.45 (0.73–8.21) | - | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) |
Model 1 was adjusted by age; gender; smoking status; hypertension; body mass index; low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and triglyceride plasma levels; history of cerebrovascular events (CVE), ejection fraction <40%, or atrial fibrillation; glomerular filtration rate assessed by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration method <60 (CKD-EPI); high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP); therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, antiP2Y12, anticoagulants, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), anti-aldosterone, β-blockers, nitrates, and/or nitroglycerin; diuretic use; and type of last acute coronary event or existence of complete revascularization at the event. In diabetic patients, Model 1 also included therapy with insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs. Model 2 risk was adjusted for factors in Model 1 and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), Monocyte chemoattractant protin-1 (MCP-1), Galectin-3 (Gal-3), and high sensitivity-TroponinT (hs-Tn). Standard deviation (SD). Significant results are expressed in bold characters.