Table 4.
Percentage of free-living older women with mineral intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or Adequate Intake (AI) and therefore at increased risk for inadequacy. Mineral intakes are presented as mean + SD. Individual study date and percentage of the free-living population at risk for inadequacy, trace mineral intakes among older women.
| Reference | Country | Subjects (n) |
Iron (Mean ± SD) % EAR: 5 mg/day |
Zinc (Mean ± SD) % EAR: 6.8 mg/day |
Selenium (Mean ± SD) % EAR: 45 μg/day |
Iodine (Mean ± SD) % EAR: 95 μg/day |
Copper (Mean ± SD) % EAR: 0.7 mg/day |
Molybdenum (Mean ± SD) % EAR: 34 μg/day |
Chromium (Mean ± SD) AI: 20 μg/day |
Manganese (Mean ± SD) AI: 1.8 mg/day |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Wyka et al. [11]) | Poland | 174 | (7.2 ± 2.9) 23% | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| (Zhu et al. [12]) | Australia | 911 | (12.3 ± 4.4) 5% | (10.6 ± 3.5) 14% | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Jiménez-Redondo et al. [13]) | Spain | 53 | (9.3 ± 3.2) 9% | (7.2 ± 3.7) 46% | (62.3 ± 35.8) 32% | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Engelheart and Akner [14]) | Sweden | 84 | (8 ± 2) 7% | (8 ± 2) 28% | (28 ± 10) 96% | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Roussel et al. [15]) | France | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | (42.74 ± 14.67) | - |
| (Dumartheray et al. [16]) | Swiss | 401 | (11.6 ± 3.7) 4% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Li et al. [17]) | USA | 97 | (11.3 ± 4.8) 10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Destefani et al. [18]) | Brazil | 135 | - | - | - | (100.7 ± 39.2) 44% | - | - | - | - |
| (Feart et al. [19]) | France | 988 | (9.7 ± 4.9) 17% | (7.7 ± 7.4) 45% | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Martínez Tomé et al. [20]) | Spain | 117 | (18.6 ± 5.4) 1% | (11.9 ± 2.8) 4% | - | - | (1.5 ± 0.6) 9% | - | - | (3.4 ± 0.9) |
| (Ocke et al. [21]) | The Netherlands | 366 | (9.1 ± 2.9) 8% | (9.7 ± 3.3) 19% | (42.1 ± 16.3) 57% | (146 ± 49) 15% | (1 ± 0.3) 16% | - | - | - |
| (Sette et al. [22]) | Italy | 316 | (10.0 ± 3.0) 5% | (9.9 ± 2.9) 14% | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Biró et al. [23]) | Hungary | 475 | (9.2 ± 2.4) 4% | (7.0 ± 1.9) 46% | - | - | (0.9 ± 0.4) 31% | - | (55.6 ± 23.0) | (2.2 ± 3.4) |
| (National Diet and Nutrition Survey [24]) | UK | 194 | (8.4 ± 3.0) 13% | (7.1 ± 2.4) 45% | (38 ± 16) 67% | (147 ± 64) 21% | - | - | - | - |
| (USDA et al. [25]) | USA | 414 | (11.5 ± 11.2) 28% | (8.2 ± 8.3) 43% | (84.5 ± 57.2) 25% | (1 ± 0.8) 35% | - | - | - | |
| (NANS [26]) | Ireland | 120 | (10 ± 3.7) 9% | (8 ± 2.6) 33% | - | - | (1. ± 0.7) 33% | - | - | (3.6 ± 1.9) |
| Pool Mean Pool STANDARD DEVIATION Pool PERCENTAGE BELOW EAR |
10.5 5.6 11% |
8.8 5.1 31% |
57.1 37.7 49% |
137.5 52 22% |
1 0.6 27% |
- - - |
55.4 22.9 - |
2.6 2.9 - |
||
EAR: Estimated average requirement, n: Sample size, %: Potential inadequacy (percentage of population who below the estimated average requirement), AI: Adequate intake.