Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Global Cohort | AKI sCyC | No AKI sCyC | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 100 | n = 10 | n = 90 | ||
| Clinical parameters | ||||
| Age—years ± SD | 83.7 ± 6.3 | 83.4 ± 6.7 | 83.7 ± 6.3 | 0.88 |
| Male sex—no/total no. (%) | 48 (48%) | 5 (50%) | 43 (48%) | 0.58 |
| Euroscore * (%) | 5.5 ± 5 | 8 ± 8 | 5.3 ± 4.6 | 0.1 |
| STS mortality (%) | 5.2 ± 3.7 | 6.7 ± 4.4 | 5 ± 3.6 | 0.16 |
| STS renal failure (%) | 6.5 ± 8.5 | 10.2 ± 10.9 | 6.1 ± 8.2 | 0.16 |
| Mehran Contrast nephropathy risk score (points) | 7.75 ± 3 | 9.4 ± 4 | 7.6 ± 2.8 | 0.067 |
| Mehran Risk Score (%) | 13.9 ± 7.6 | 19.4 ± 14.7 | 13.3 ± 6.3 | 0.016 |
| Coronary artery disease—no./total no. (%) | 53 (53%) | 2 (20%) | 51 (56.7%) | 0.03 |
| Pacemaker—no./total no. (%) | 12 (12%) | 1 (10%) | 11 (12.2%) | 0.66 |
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | ||||
| Hypertension—no./total no. (%) | 90 (90%) | 9 (90%) | 81 (90%) | 0.67 |
| Past or current smoker—no./total no. (%) | 26 (26%) | 4 (40%) | 22 (24.4%) | 0.24 |
| Dyslipidaemia—no./total no. (%) | 53 (53%) | 5 (10%) | 48 (52%) | 0.55 |
| Diabetes mellitus—no./total no. (%) | 40 (40%) | 5 (10%) | 35 (38.9%) | 0.36 |
| BMI—kg/m2 ± SD | 32 ± 13 | 29 ± 9 | 32 ± 13 | 0.47 |
| Prehospital management | ||||
| VKA—no./total no. (%) | 18 (18%) | 1 (10%) | 17 (18.9%) | 0.42 |
| DOAC—no./total no. (%) | 22 (22%) | 3 (30%) | 19 (21.1%) | 0.38 |
| ASA—no./total no. (%) | 56 (56%) | 4 (5.6%) | 52 (57.8%) | 0.23 |
| Clopidogrel—no./total no. (%) | 23 (23%) | 0 | 23 (25.6%) | 0.06 |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs—no./total no. (%) | 56 (56%) | 5 (50%) | 51 (56.7%) | 0.47 |
| Beta blockers—no./total no. (%) | 48 (48%) | 5 (50%) | 43 (47.8%) | 0.58 |
| Calcium channel blockers—no./total no. (%) | 31 (31%) | 2 (20%) | 29 (32.2%) | 0.35 |
| Thiazide diuretics—no./total no. (%) | 16 (16%) | 3 (30%) | 13 (14.4%) | 0.19 |
| Aldosterone-receptor antagonists (ARAs)—no./total no. (%) | 12 (12%) | 0 | 12 (13.5%) | 0.26 |
| Furosemide—mg ± SD | 71 ± 147 | 84 ± 155 | 70 ± 147 | 0.77 |
| Statin—no./total no. (%) | 46 (46%) | 3 (30%) | 43 (47.8%) | 0.23 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LEVF—% ± median IQR | 60 (51–67) | 54.6 ± 12 | 59 ± 12.4 | 0.19 |
| LV mass—g/m2 ± SD | 137 ± 77.8 | 112.7 ± 19.9 | 138.8 ± 80.8 | 0.43 |
| LVendDV—mm ± SD | 49 ± 8.5 | 46.2 ± 9 | 49 ± 8.4 | 0.33 |
| Mean Aortic Gradient—mmHg ± SD | 44.5 ± 11.9 | 43.5 ± 9.8 | 44.6 ± 12.2 | 0.72 |
| E/A | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1 ± 0.6 | 0.95 |
| E/e′ | 11.9 ± 4.6 | 12.9 ± 3.9 | 11.7 ± 4.6 | 0.48 |
| Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (MPAP)—mmHg ± SD | 40.5 ± 13.2 | 42 ± 11.1 | 40.3 ± 13.4 | 0.77 |
| Right Atrial Pressure (RAP)—mmHg ± SD | 7 ± 4 | 10 ± 6 | 6 ± 4 | 0.02 |
| Stroke volume (SV)—mL ± median (IQR) | 81.5 (65.3–99.5) | 88.1 ± 22.2 | 80 (65.7–98.5) | 0.34 |
| Cardiac index—mL/min/m2 ± SD | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 0.17 |
| Baseline biological parameters | ||||
| Creatinine (Cr) level—µmol/L ± SD | 113.6 ± 77.9 | 135.9 ± 89.9 | 111.2 ± 76.6 | 0.34 |
| Cr eGFR—mL/min/1.73 m2 ± SD | 54.5 ± 19.9 | 49 ± 23.5 | 55 ± 19.6 | 0.37 |
| Cystatin (CysC)—mg/L ± SD | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.59 |
| CysC eGFR—ml/min/1.73m2 ± SD | 43.9 ± 18.3 | 38.5 ± 18.7 | 44.5 ± 18.3 | 0.32 |
| Haemoglobin—g/dL median (IQR) | 12 (11–13.1) | 11.1 ± 2.1 | 12 ± 2 | 0.17 |
| BNP—ng/L ± SD | 471 ± 856 | 561 ± 848 | 461 ± 862 | 0.73 |
Data are presented as mean ± or n (%) or median (25th–75th percentile). ACE inhibitor = Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI = Acute Kidney Injury; ARBs = Angiotensin II receptor blockers; ASA = Aspirin; BMI = body mass index; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; Cr = creatinine; CysC = Cystatin C; DOAC = direct oral anticoagulant; EuroSCORE = logistic EuroSCORE predicted risk of mortality at 30 days; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; LV = left ventricle; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; sCr = serum creatinine; sCyC = serum Cystatin C; STS score = Society of Thoracic Surgeon; VKA = Vitamin K antagonists. * The logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is calculated by means of a logistic-regression equation; online and downloadable versions of the EuroSCORE calculator are available on the EuroSCORE Web site.