Table 1.
Adjusted means (g/day) and confidence intervals of major sugars-containing food categories and comparisons across quintiles of total sugars intake (% energy) in all adults (n = 11,817) in Models 1 and 2 *.
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2364 | N = 2363 | N = 2364 | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
| Food Category | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value ** | p-Value ** |
| Pasta, rice, cereal grains and flour | 112.3 | 83.6, 141.0 | 100.4 ¥ | 75.5, 125.2 | 83.9 | 71.7, 96.2 | 74.3 ¥ | 64.0, 84.7 | 53.6 | 41.5, 65.8 | 49.4 | 39.3, 59.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| White breads | 21.0 | 17.7, 24.3 | 20.6 | 15.6, 25.6 | 31.2 | 22.5, 39.9 | 32.1 | 26.6, 37.7 | 22.9 | 19.6, 26.3 | 24.3 | 21.4, 27.3 | 0.1833 | 0.067 |
| Wholemeal breads | 21.6 | 18.0, 25.2 | 23.5 | 20.6, 26.4 | 21.7 | 15.9, 27.6 | 22.9 | 18.1, 27.7 | 16.6 | 12.8, 20.5 | 18.2 | 14.6, 21.8 | 0.0519 | 0.114 |
| Other breads | 43.9 | 36.6, 51.1 | 40.4 ¥ | 34.5, 46.2 | 35.4 | 25.8, 45.1 | 32.6 | 24.5, 40.8 | 26.7 | 21.6, 31.9 | 26.8 | 22.9, 30.8 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| Wholegrain and high fibre breakfast cereals | 15.0 | 8.0, 22.0 | 16.0 | 8.7, 23.3 | 19.7 | 13.6, 25.9 | 19.7 | 13.6, 25.8 | 18.6 | 15.2, 21.9 | 19.9 | 16.4, 23.3 | 0.6212 | 0.787 |
| Other breakfast cereals | 1.1 | 0.1, 2.1 | 1.1 ¥ | 0.2, 2.1 | 1.9 | 0.7, 3.1 | 2.0 | 0.7, 3.3 | 2.8 | 1.6, 4.0 | 3.0 | 1.8, 4.2 | 0.0068 | 0.004 |
| Cookies, biscuits and granola bars | 7.0 | 4.7, 9.3 | 7.1 ¥ | 5.3, 8.8 | 10.1 | 8.2, 12.0 | 10.2 | 7.8, 12.5 | 11.2 | 9.3, 13.2 | 11.7 | 9.9, 13.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cakes, pies, danishes and other pastries | 13.3 | 9.7, 16.9 | 14.4 ¥,£ | 8.7, 20.0 | 30.4 | 25.2, 35.7 | 30.9 | 26.0, 35.8 | 35.7 | 28.6, 42.8 | 38.3 | 31.1, 45.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Frozen dairy products | 2.3 | 1.1, 3.5 | 1.8 ¥,£ | 0.6, 3.1 | 16.1 | 8.0, 24.2 | 15.8 | 9.3, 22.4 | 22.6 | 17.7, 27.5 | 23.2 | 17.9, 28.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Milks | 58.7 | 49.6, 67.9 | 56.4 ¥,£ | 47.0, 65.9 | 170.7 | 154.2, 187.2 | 169.7 | 154.0, 185.3 | 190.5 | 161.4, 219.5 | 198.4 | 170.5, 226.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Yogurts (natural and with fruits) | 11.4 | 7.0, 15.7 | 12.7 ¥ | 9.0, 16.4 | 26.8 | 18.9, 34.7 | 26.3 | 17.0, 35.6 | 33.3 | 26.9, 39.6 | 33.4 | 27.5, 39.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Fruit | 59.7 | 51.9, 67.5 | 56.1 ¥,£ | 48.3, 63.9 | 160.4 | 145.0, 175.8 | 152.7 ¥ | 139.6, 165.8 | 223.6 | 202.4, 244.7 | 224.2 | 203.8, 244.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Sugars, syrups, preserves | 4.4 | 3.6, 5.1 | 3.8 ¥,£ | 2.6, 4.9 | 10.7 | 9.2, 12.2 | 10.5 ¥ | 9.2, 11.7 | 20.4 | 16.8, 24.1 | 20.7 | 17.2, 24.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Confectionary | 2.5 | 1.7, 3.3 | 2.5 ¥,£ | 1.3, 3.6 | 9.1 | 6.0, 12.2 | 8.9 ¥ | 6.1, 11.7 | 24.2 | 17.5, 30.9 | 24.7 | 18.0, 31.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Fruit juice | 23.4 | 15.6, 31.3 | 17.4 | 10.1, 24.7 | 58.9 | 51.1, 66.8 | 54.8 ¥ | 47.3, 62.3 | 112.6 | 96.6, 128.5 | 112.2 | 96.8, 127.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Alcoholic beverages | 326.8 | 244.2, 409.5 | 311.0 ¥,£ | 233.6, 388.4 | 116.2 | 79.5, 152.9 | 114.5 ¥ | 96.1, 132.9 | 52.5 | 34.9, 70.1 | 59.5 | 42.9, 76.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Tea, coffee | 1511.1 | 1441.0, 1581.2 | 1482.4 ¥ | 1414.5, 1550.2 | 1555.6 | 1460.9, 1650.4 | 1523.1 ¥ | 1451.0, 1595.2 | 1308.7 | 1240.5, 1377.0 | 1305.1 | 1243.4, 1366.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Soft drinks, regular | 24.5 | 15.6, 33.4 | 12.1 ¥,£ | 0.7, 25.0 | 60.6 | 48.5, 72.6 | 58.5 ¥ | 41.4, 75.7 | 190.4 | 139.3, 241.5 | 191.9 | 144.4, 239.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Soft drinks, diet | 55.4 | 38.2, 72.6 | 55.7 | 40.9, 70.6 | 40.6 | 18.1, 63.0 | 43.5 | 23.4, 63.6 | 21.8 | 11.1, 32.5 | 26.3 | 15.3, 37.3 | 0.0109 | 0.014 |
| Fruit drinks | 11.1 | 4.1, 18.2 | 9.8 ¥ | 3.5, 16.1 | 18.2 | 10.0, 26.3 | 17.9 ¥ | 9.6, 26.1 | 53.5 | 39.9, 67.0 | 54.4 | 40.0, 68.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Other beverages | 3.4 | 0.8, 6.0 | 0.2 | 5.5, 5.8 | 9.5 | 0.1, 19.0 | 8.9 | 0.2, 18.0 | 27.1 | 3.5, 57.6 | 27.0 | 0.2, 53.7 | 0.0065 | 0.014 |
| Soups | 39.3 | 32.3, 46.3 | 41.5 | 34.2, 48.7 | 39.6 | 26.5, 52.7 | 41.3 | 27.7, 54.9 | 41.7 | 30.8, 52.6 | 43.1 | 33.4, 52.8 | 0.0571 | 0.088 |
* Intake of food categories across quintiles of total sugars intake (as % energy) were compared using a general linear model (PROC SURVEYREG) including the following covariates: Model 1-misreporting status (determined using previously published methods by Garriguet [47]); Model 2-misreporting status plus age, sex, smoking, self-perceived health, blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, education, physical activity, income, BMI, immigrant status and weekend reference day and total energy intake. Food categories are aligned with food categories presented in the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-Nutrition with few modifications (see Supplementary Table S1) and expressed as grams by weight. Note: Quintiles 2 and 4 are not presented for readability. Adjusted means and confidence intervals of non-essential food categories by quintiles of total sugars intake (as % energy) of Models 1 and 2 are presented in the Supplementary Table S3. Means and standard errors of all food categories across of total sugars intake (as % energy) in Models 1 and 2 are presented in the Supplementary Table S4. ** The p-value represents the global p-value for a significant difference across quintiles of intake of total sugars (% energy) ¥ significant difference compared to Q5 in post-hoc comparison with Bonferroni adjustment in Model 2 (p < 0.05) £ significant difference compared to Q3 in post-hoc comparison with Bonferroni adjustment in Model 2 (p < 0.05). CI, confidence interval.