Table 2.
Means and 95% confidence intervals of intakes from macro- and micro-nutrients, and comparisons across quintiles of total sugars intake (% energy) in all adults (n = 11,817) in Models 1 and 3 *.
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Model 1 | Model 3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2364 | N = 2363 | N = 2364 | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 3 | |||||||||
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | p-value ** | p-value ** | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1953.8 | 1903.8, 2003.8 | 1854.6 | 1819.1,1890.1 | 1919.2 | 1819.9, 2018.5 | 1893.7 ¥ | 1828.8,1958.5 | 1805.5 | 1763.9, 1847.2 | 1823.1 | 1789.6, 1856.6 | <0.0001 | 0.012 |
| Carbohydrates (%) | 38.9 | 37.2, 40.5 | 38.9 ¥,£ | 37.4, 40.4 | 47.7 | 46.0, 49.4 | 47.6 ¥ | 46.3, 49.0 | 58.4 | 57.6, 59.3 | 58.3 | 57.5, 59.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Total Fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 8.6 | 8.2, 8.9 | 8.9 ¥,£ | 8.5, 9.2 | 10.1 | 9.4, 10.9 | 10.1 | 9.6, 10.6 | 10.3 | 9.9, 10.8 | 10.3 | 9.9, 10.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Total Sugars (%) | 7.9 | 7.7, 8.1 | 7.8 ¥,£ | 7.7, 8.0 | 18.3 | 18.3, 18.4 | 18.4 ¥ | 18.2, 18.5 | 33.0 | 32.4, 33.7 | 33.0 | 32.5, 33.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Natural Sugars (%) | 4.8 | 4.6, 5.0 | 5.0 ¥,£ | 4.8, 5.2 | 10.2 | 9.7, 10.7 | 10.1 ¥ | 9.8, 10.5 | 15.6 | 15.0, 16.3 | 15.7 | 15.0, 16.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Added Sugars (%) | 3.0 | 2.8, 3.1 | 2.8 ¥,£ | 2.6, 3.0 | 8.1 | 7.6, 8.6 | 8.2 ¥ | 7.8, 8.5 | 17.3 | 16.5, 18.1 | 17.3 | 16.5, 18.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Free Sugars (%) | 3.2 | 3.1, 3.4 | 3.0 ¥,£ | 2.8, 3.2 | 9.2 | 8.7, 9.7 | 9.2 ¥ | 8.8, 9.6 | 20.1 | 19.2, 20.9 | 20.0 | 19.2, 20.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (%) | 36.1 | 35.1, 37.2 | 36.2 ¥,£ | 35.3, 37.1 | 32.2 | 31.1, 33.2 | 32.3 ¥ | 31.5, 33.1 | 26.4 | 25.7, 27.1 | 26.4 | 25.8, 27.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Saturated Fat (%) | 11.3 | 10.8, 11.7 | 11.4 ¥,£ | 11.0, 11.7 | 10.4 | 9.9, 11.0 | 10.5 ¥ | 10.1, 10.9 | 9.0 | 8.8, 9.3 | 9.1 | 8.8, 9.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated Fat (%) | 13.8 | 13.4, 14.3 | 13.8 ¥,£ | 13.4, 14.2 | 12.0 | 11.5, 12.5 | 12.0 ¥ | 11.6, 12.4 | 9.4 | 9.0, 9.8 | 9.4 | 9.0, 9.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Polyunsaturated Fat (%) | 7.8 | 7.4, 8.1 | 7.9 ¥,£ | 7.5, 8.2 | 6.8 | 6.6, 7.0 | 6.9 ¥ | 6.7, 7.1 | 5.5 | 5.2, 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.2, 5.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Linoleic acid (%) | 6.6 | 6.3, 7.0 | 6.7 ¥,£ | 6.4, 7.0 | 5.7 | 5.6, 5.9 | 5.8 ¥ | 5.6, 5.9 | 4.6 | 4.4, 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.4, 4.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Alpha, linolenic Acid (%) | 0.8 | 0.8, 0.8 | 0.8 ¥ | 0.8, 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7, 0.8 | 0.8 ¥ | 0.7, 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6, 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6, 0.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (%) | 18.8 | 17.9, 19.7 | 18.7 ¥ | 18.0, 19.5 | 17.5 | 17.1, 17.9 | 17.4 ¥ | 16.9, 17.9 | 13.9 | 13.3, 14.5 | 14.0 | 13.5, 14.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal) | 178.1 | 162.6, 193.6 | 175.9 ¥ | 164.0, 187.8 | 153.2 | 139.5, 167.0 | 151.5 ¥ | 137.0, 165.9 | 109.9 | 101.2, 118.7 | 109.9 | 101.7, 118.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol (%) | 6.2 | 4.8, 7.6 | 6.2 ¥,£ | 4.8, 7.5 | 2.6 | 2.0, 3.3 | 2.7 ¥ | 2.2, 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.7, 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.8, 1.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Micronutrients: Per 1000 kcal | ||||||||||||||
| Vitamin A (ug RAE) | 338.9 | 298.5, 379.4 | 349.9 £ | 311.0, 388.7 | 370.6 | 349.8, 391.5 | 371.0 | 346.6, 395.5 | 378.7 | 340.8, 416.7 | 376.8 | 340.6, 413.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.9 | 0.8, 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8, 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8, 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8, 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8, 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8, 0.9 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.0 £ | 1.0, 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0, 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1, 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1, 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0, 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0, 1.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Niacin (mg) | 23.7 | 22.6, 24.8 | 23.7 ¥,£ | 22.6, 24.7 | 21.7 | 20.9, 22.5 | 21.7 ¥ | 21.0, 22.4 | 18.0 | 17.4, 18.5 | 18.0 | 17.5, 18.5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B,6 (mg) | 0.9 | 0.9, 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9, 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9, 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9, 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9, 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9, 0.9 | 0.070 | 0.019 |
| Folate (ug DFE) | 247.8 ¥ | 238.8,256.8 | 246.9 | 238.0, 255.8 | 242.8 | 228.1, 257.5 | 240.0 ¥ | 226.7, 253.4 | 221.9 | 210.8, 233.1 | 219.0 | 207.2, 230.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B,12 (mg) | 2.3 | 2.1,2.5 | 2.3 | 2.0, 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.1, 2.6 | 2.4 ¥ | 2.1, 2.6 | 1.9 | 1.7, 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7, 2.0 | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 35.9 ¥,£ | 32.3,39.5 | 36.4 | 33.0, 39.9 | 56.2 | 50.2, 62.2 | 55.0 | 50.2, 59.9 | 85.1 | 74.0, 96.2 | 84.5 | 73.9, 95.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin D (ug) | 2.3 ¥,£ | 1.9,2.8 | 2.5 | 2.1, 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.5, 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6, 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.4, 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5, 2.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 370.8 ¥,£ | 347.9,393.8 | 380.1 | 360.0, 400.3 | 439.8 | 421.8, 457.9 | 442.6 | 423.9, 461.3 | 458.2 | 441.6, 474.9 | 459.2 | 442.3, 476.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Iron (mg) | 6.7 ¥ | 6.5,6.9 | 6.8 | 6.6, 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.7, 7.2 | 6.9 ¥ | 6.7, 7.2 | 6.3 | 6.1, 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.1, 6.5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 167.3 | 161.2,173.4 | 170.0 | 165.2, 174.9 | 177.7 | 170.7, 184.6 | 176.8 | 170.4, 183.2 | 169.7 | 163.9, 175.1 | 169.9 | 164.6, 175.1 | <0.0001 | 0.007 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 696.2 ¥ | 671.7,720.6 | 706.4 | 682.0, 370.8 | 704.8 | 688.8, 720.8 | 707.4¥ | 692.9, 722.0 | 652.0 | 635.5, 668.5 | 655.2 | 639.2, 671.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1378.1 ¥,£ | 1336.1,1420.0 | 1409.6 | 1365.0,1454.2 | 1536.7 | 1495.6,1577.8 | 1541.3 | 1506.0, 1576.6 | 1611.8 | 1560.3, 1663.3 | 1619.2 | 1570.0, 1668.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Zinc (mg) | 6.0 ¥ | 5.8, 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8, 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.5, 5.9 | 5.7 ¥ | 5.6, 5.9 | 4.8 | 4.6, 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.7, 5.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1621.9 ¥,£ | 1567.9,1675.8 | 1629.0 | 1580.6,1677.5 | 1512.0 | 1473.5,1550.6 | 1523.2 ¥ | 1486.1, 1560.4 | 1255.1 | 1215.3, 1294.3 | 1257.4 | 1216.8, 1298.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
* Intake of macro- and micro-nutrients across quintiles of total sugars intake (as % energy) were compared using a general linear model (PROC SURVEYREG) including the following covariates: Model 1—misreporting status (determined using previously published methods by Garriguet [47]); Model 3—misreporting status plus age, sex, smoking, self-perceived health, blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, education, physical activity, income, BMI, immigrant status and weekend reference day. Note: Quintiles 2 and 4 are not presented for readability. Means and standard error of the means were presented in the Supplementary Table S5. ** The p-value represents the global p-value for a significant difference across quintiles of intake of total sugars (%E) ¥ significant difference compared to Q5 in post-hoc comparison with Bonferroni adjustment in Model 3 (p < 0.05). £ significant difference compared to Q3 in post-hoc comparison with Bonferroni adjustment in Model 3 (p < 0.05) CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; RAE, retinoic acid equivalent; DFE, dietary folate equivalents.