Table 1.

Extraction methods and solvents of mycotoxins.

Extraction Methods	Extraction Solvents	Limits	Benefits	Reference
QuEChERS	Organic solvents or mixtures (CH3CN, MeOH, MeOH/CH3CN)	Modifications of the original procedure, need of an additional enrichment step	Economical, fast, simple, detection of low ppb levels, better reproducibility and accuracy	[5]
LLE	Mixture of organic solvents (hexane, cyclohexane) with diluted acids or water	Time consuming, the sample can be absorbed by the glass equipment depending on the matrix and the determined compounds	Effective, for small-scale preparations	[40]
SLE	Mixture of organic solvents with diluted acids or water	Matrix effects	Smaller volumes of solvent	[32,45]
ASE or PLE	Mixture of organic solvents (MeOH/CH3CN, CH3CN/water)	Expensive instruments, matrix components excessively coextracted	Fully automated, faster extraction compared to the conventional ones, minimal solvents, higher extraction efficiency	[22,46]
SFE	Supercritical fluids (CO2), MeOH, ethanol, acetone	Need for specialized and very expensive equipment, not suitable for routine analysis	Fast technique, small solvent volumes, preconcentration effect, extraction of temperature sensible analytes	[22,45,47]
MAE	Aqueous solution	Only applicable for thermally stable compounds, costly instruments	Reduced extraction time and extraction solvent	[48]
VALDS–ME	Mixture of organic solvents dispersive solvent and water	Optimization after control a lot of parameters	Use of low density solvents, simple, fast, effective	[20]