Table 3.
Examples of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) methods in mycotoxins analysis in foods worldwide during 2014–2019.
| Mycotoxin | Year of Publication | Country | Sample | Extraction Solution | Extraction Method | Clean-Up | LOD | LOQ * | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFs | 2014 | China | Walnut kernel | Methanol–water (70:30, v/v) | Sonicating | Self-made amino-function nanometer Fe3O4 magnetic polymer SPE | 0.004–0.013 µg kg−1 | 0.012–0.042 µg kg−1 | [90] |
| AFs, OTA Fusarium mycotoxins |
2014 | Italy | Cereals and derived products | Methanol–water (60:40, v/v) | Blending | IAC | 1 µg kg−1 for AFs and OTA 5–30 µg kg−1 for Fusarium toxins |
Nd | [52] |
| 5 Alternaria mycotoxins, CIT |
2015 | Belgium | Tomato and tomato juice | Methanol 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine |
Vortex | SPE cartridge | 1–20 µg kg−1 | 2–50 µg kg−1 | [91] |
| 4 Alternaria mycotoxins | 2016 | China | Wheat kernel | Acetonitrile–water–methanol (45:45:10, v/v/v) | Sonicating | SPE cartridge | 0.04–1.3 µg kg−1 | 0.1–4.2 | [92] |
| AFs, FB1, FB2, DON, OTA, ZEA | 2016 | Thailand | Brown rice | Acetonitrile with 10% (v/v) acetic acid | Vortex | QuEChERS | 1.4–25 µg kg−1 | 4.1–75 µg kg−1 | [93] |
| 15 mycotoxins | 2016 | Spain | Cow milk | Acetonitrile (2% formic acid) | Shaking | Sodium acetate | 0.02−10.14 ng mL−1 | Nd | [94] |
| 16 mycotoxins | 2017 | China | Vegetable oils | 85% Acetonitrile | Shaking | QuEChERS | 0.04–2.9 ng g−1 | Nd | [95] |
| 11 mycotoxins | 2017 | USA | Infant cereals | Acetonitrile/water/formic acid, (80:19.9:0.1, v/v/v) | Shaking | Nd | 0.01−10.0 ng g−1 | 0.05–50 ng g–1 | [84] |
| 12 Fusarium mycotoxins | 2017 | Germany | Beer | Acetonitrile/water (70:30, v/v) Acetonitrile/water (84:16, v/v) |
Vortex | SPE cartridge | 0.05–6.9 µg L−1 | 0.15–20 µg L−1 | [87] |
| AFB1 OTA FB1 DON T2 HT-2 ZEA |
2017 | Italy | Cereal-based samples | Acetonitrile–water–acetic acid (79:20:1, v/v/v) | Shaking | Nd | 0.06–0.13 µg kg−1fo r AFB1 0.4–0.8 µg kg−1 for OTA 8−16 µg kg−1 for FB1 20 µg kg−1 for DON 4–8 µg kg−1 for T–2 20 µg kg−1 for HT–2 1.6–3.2 µg kg−1 for ZEA |
Nd | [96] |
| 13 mycotoxins | 2017 | Korea | Cereal grains | Methanol 80%, containing 0.5% acetic acid | Shaking | IAC | 0.1−18.1 ng/g | 0.4–54.8 ng/g | [97] |
| 20 mycotoxins | 2019 | Korea | Soybean Paste | Methanol–water (60:40, v/v) and PBS |
Blending | IAC | 0.06–4.68 µg kg−1 | 0.17−13.24 | [49] |
| 6 Alternaria toxins | 2019 | China | Grapes | Acetonitrile and dispersive solid phase extraction |
Shaking | QuEChERS | 0.03–0.21 µg kg−1 | 0.09–0.48 µg kg−1 | [77] |
| AFs, ZEA, α-ZOL | 2019 | Spain | Vegetable oils | Acetonitrile | Shaking | QuEChERS | Nd | 0.5 μg kg−1 for AFs 1 μg kg−1 for ZEA and α-ZOL |
[93] |
α-ZOL, α-zearalenol; CIT, citrinin * Nd (not described).