Table 5.

Use of biosensors in mycotoxin detection with some examples.

Mycotoxin	Recognition Element	Transducer/Technique	Food	Detection Limit	Reference
AFB1	Organic framework composite	Piezoelectric (QCM)	Peanut, pistachio, rice, and wheat	2.8 pg mL−1	[116]
AFB1	Antibody	Impedimetric (EIS)	Corn	0.05 ng mL−1	[117]
AFB1	Antibody	Piezoelectric (EQCM)	Cereal	8 pg mL−1	[118]
AFB1	Antibody	Piezoelectric (QCM)	Peanut	0.83 ng kg−1	[119]
AFB1	Antibody	Potentiometric (DPV)	Corn powder	3.5 pg mL−1	[120]
Cyclopiazonic acid	Antibody	Optical (SPR)	Maize and cheese	0.29 mg mL−1	[121]
DON, ZEN, T-2toxin	Antibody	Optical (SPR)	Wheat	15μg/kg−1 24 μg/kg−1 12 μg/kg−1	[122]
HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, AFM1	Antibody	Amperometric (CV)	Human urine	0.4 ng mL−1 1 ng mL−1 0.3 ng mL−1	[113]
T-2 toxin, T-2 toxin-3-glucoside (T2-G)	Antibody	Optical (iSPR)	Wheat	1.2 ng mL−1	[123]
OTA	Aptamer	Impedimetric (EIS)	Grape and commodities	0.030 ng mL−1	[124]
OTA	Aptamer	SPR	Wine and peanut oil	0.005 ng mL−1	[125]
OTA	Antibody	Piezoelectric (QCM)	Buffer	17.2 ng mL−1	[111]
OTA	Aptamer	Amperometric (CV)	Red wine	0.23 pg mL−1	[126]
OTA	Antibody	Piezoelectric (QCM)	Red wine	0.16 ng mL−1	[127]
OTA	Antibody	Optical (SPR)	Coffee	3.8 ng mL−1	[128]
OTA	Black phosphorene	Potentiometric (DPV)	Grape juice and red wine	0.18 μg mL−1	[129]
OTA	Antibody	Piezoelectric (QCM-D)	Red wine	0.16 ng mL−1	[127]
OTA, AFM1	Antibody	Potentiometric (CV)	Red wine and milk	0.15 ng mL−1 3.04 ng mL−1	[130]
AFM1	Antibody	Optical (SPR)	Milk	18 pg mL−1	[131]
PAT	Aptamer	Potentiometric (EIS/DPV)	Juice	0.27 pg mL−1	[132]
PAT	Aptamer	Impedimetric (EIS)	Apple juice	2.8 ng L−1	[133]
ZEN	Aptamer	Amperometric (CV/DPV)	Maize	0.17 pg mL−1	[134]
ZEN	Antibody	Amperometric (CV/DPV)	Corn and corn products	1.5 pg mL−1	[135]
ZEN	Aptamer	Potentiometric (CV/DPV)	Maize	0.105 pg mL−1	[136]
DON, T-2, ZEA, FB1	Antibody	Optical (iSPR)	Barley	64 µg kg−1, 26 µg kg−1, 96 µg kg−1, 13 µg kg−1	[137]