Table 6.

Advantages and limitations of biosensors in mycotoxin detection.

Biosensors	Advantages	Limitations	Reference
Impedimetric	High sensitivity and selectivity, time-efficient, simple operation, fast response, mobility due to portable instrumentation, miniaturization	Complex construction, expensive labeling markers	[25,124,147]
Potentiometric	Reduced analysis time, mobility due to portable instrumentation, miniaturization, high sensitivity and selectivity, use without sample treatment	The sensitivity and lifetime are seriously influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, immobilization support, and immunological cross-reaction	[129,147,148]
Amperometric	Mobility due to portable instrumentation, miniaturization, high sensitivity and selectivity	Regeneration between measurements	[147]
Surface plasmon resonance	High specificity and sensitivity, small size and cost-efficiency, direct, real-time analysis and detection without label, development of portable devices	The broad practical application is still under development	[25,144]
Quartz crystal microbalance	Low cost with high sensitivity, selectivity, and possibility of reuse, real-time output, and label- or radiation-free entities, development of portable devices	Requirement of a relatively high background signal relative to the signal-on assay formation	[119,149]