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. 2020 Apr 9;11(4):409. doi: 10.3390/genes11040409

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Replication fork protection and restart. (A). A replication fork can be broken, or arrested; when reaching an obstacle that arrested it, replication fork can also be reversed generating a so called “chicken foot” structure (right panel). Various actions may take place to protect the replication forks including: BRCA2 loading of RAD51 to protect the forks and/or BRCA2 stabilizing the RAD51 nucleofilament on the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions, thereby preventing MRE11, CtIP, and EXO1-dependent resection (preventing degradation of the arrested forks). (B). The strand exchange activity of RAD51 allows then to restart arrested replication forks, using a homologous sequence as matrix, generally the sister chromatid, leading to sister chromatid exchange.