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. 2020 Apr 9;11(4):409. doi: 10.3390/genes11040409

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The 2-step DSB repair pathway choice model [79,87,91]. After signalling of the DSB by ATM and MRN, the selection of the DSB repair process act in two successive steps: (1) competition between the canonical NHEJ (C-NHEJ) pathway (KU/DNA-PKcs/ligase 4-dependent) versus resection. Note that C-NHEJ is conservative for DSB repair (for review see [79,87]). The nuclease activity of MRE11 and CtIP favour ssDNA resection, which can then at the second alternative step (2) initiate the conservative homologous recombination (HR) versus non-conservative single-strand annealing (SSA) or alternative end-joining (A-EJ) pathways. Loading of RAD51 on resected ssDNA, by BRCA2, engages DSB repair toward HR. The RAD51 nucleoprotein filament invades the intact homologous duplex DNA, priming DNA synthesis and the intact DNA molecule is copied, creating a D-Loop.