Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample according to sex-specific tertiles of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI).
| SMI Male | SMI Female | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |
| n | 139 | 138 | 138 | 189 | 188 | 189 |
| SMI, % | ≤29.1 | >29.1–≤31.8 | >31.8 | ≤ 23.2 | >23.2–≤25.6 | > 25.6 |
| Basic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age, y | 72 ± 4 | 71 ± 4 | 70 ± 4 * | 71 ± 4 | 71 ± 4 | 71 ± 4 |
| Weight, kg | 89.3 ± 11.6 | 81.6 ± 10.4 * | 75.8 ± 9.1 *# | 76.1 ± 11.4 | 68.0 ± 10.0 * | 63.0 ± 8.2 *# |
| Height, cm | 172 ± 7 | 173 ± 6 | 174 ± 6 | 159 ± 7 | 159 ± 6 | 162 ± 7 *# |
| Years full education, y | 13 ± 4 | 13 ± 4 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 4 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 |
| Smoking, % never | 30.2 | 39.1 | 44.2 | 60.3 | 62.2 | 61.9 |
| Medication, % yes | 89.2 | 81.9 | 60.9 | 83.1 | 80.9 | 68.8 |
| PA. guidelines, % yes | 56.1 | 60.9 | 74.6 | 39.7 | 48.9 | 51.9 |
| Physical function | ||||||
| Handgrip, kg/kg BW | 0.44 ± 0.08 | 0.49 ± 0.09 * | 0.56 ± 0.09 *# | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.38 ± 0.08 * | 0.43 ± 0.10 *# |
| SPPB, score | 11.5 ± 0.9 | 11.4 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 0.8 *# | 10.8 ± 1.5 | 11.3 ± 1.3 * | 11.5 ± 0.9 * |
| Metabolic Risk Factors | ||||||
| WC, cm | 105.5 ± 9.1 | 97.8 ± 8.6 * | 90.2 ± 7.4 *# | 94.9 ± 9.9 | 88.1 ± 9.7 * | 81.6 ± 8.1 *# |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.7 ± 3.3 | 27.0 ± 2.8 * | 24.8 ± 2.6 *# | 29.8 ± 3.8 | 26.5 ± 3.5 * | 23.9 ± 3.0 *# |
| DBP, mmHg | 76 ± 10 | 76 ± 11 | 78 ± 10 | 75 ± 10 | 74 ± 11 | 73 ± 11 |
| SBP, mmHg | 142 ± 17 | 140 ± 19 | 141 ± 18 | 141 ± 21 | 140 ± 22 | 138 ± 21 |
| MetS, % yes | 73.4 | 44.2 | 15.2 | 55.6 | 42.0 | 20.1 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.14 ± 1.02 | 5.69 ± 0.74 * | 5.37 ± 0.76 *# | 5.67 ± 0.82 | 5.39 ± 0.64 * | 5.24 ± 0.57 * |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.21 ± 0.55 | 1.05 ± 0.45 * | 0.97 ± 0.43 * | 1.15 ± 0.46 | 1.07 ± 0.46 | 0.96 ± 0.40 * |
| TC, mmol/L | 1.87 ± 0.40 | 1.92 ± 0.37 | 2.02 ± 0.40 * | 2.16 ± 0.40 | 2.18 ± 0.42 | 2.28 ± 0.41 * |
| HDL-cholesterol, g/L | 0.46 ± 0.12 | 0.49 ± 0.13 | 0.57 ± 0.15 *# | 0.62 ± 0.16 | 0.64 ± 0.17 | 0.72 ± 0.19 *# |
| LDL-cholesterol, g/L | 1.17 ± 0.37 | 1.22 ± 0.33 | 1.25 ± 0.36 | 1.32 ± 0.37 | 1.33 ± 0.39 | 1.37 ± 0.38 |
| Adiponectin, µg/mL | 7.96 ± 4.47 | 9.63 ± 6.23 | 9.87 ± 6.63 * | 14.93 ± 8.44 | 15.68 ± 9.24 | 18.01 ± 9.81 * |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 2.0 ± 2.4 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 1.1 ± 1.6 *# | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 1.5 ± 1.9 * | 1.3 ± 2.0 *# |
| WBC, % total count | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.5 |
| Fat mass | ||||||
| Total fat mass, kg | 30.4 ± 5.8 | 22.8 ± 4.9 * | 15.4 ± 4.6 *# | 34.2 ± 7.2 | 26.2 ± 5.5 * | 20.3 ± 5.0 *# |
| Trunk fat mass, kg | 19.3 ± 3.9 | 13.9 ± 3.3 * | 8.8 ± 3.1 *# | 18.1 ± 4.2 | 13.5 ± 3.3 * | 9.9 ± 3.0 *# |
| Android fat mass, kg | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.7 * | 1.6 ± 0.6 *# | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.6 * | 1.7 ± 0.5 *# |
| Gynoid fat mass, kg | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.7 * | 2.4 ± 0.7 *# | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 0.9 * | 3.8 ± 0.8 *# |
Continuous data are expressed as mean ± SD. SMI, skeletal muscle mass index. BW, body weight. PA, physical activity. SPPB, short physical performance battery. WC, waist circumference. DBP, diastolic blood pressure. SBP, systolic blood pressure. MetS, metabolic syndrome. TC, total cholesterol. HDL, high-density lipoprotein. LDL, low-density lipoprotein. hs-CRP, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein. WBC, white blood cell count. * p < 0.05 vs. T1. # p < 0.05 vs. T2.