Table 1.

Macroalgae bioactive molecules with biological source and activity against lung cancer cells.

Algae Species	Active Molecule	Lung Cancer Cells	Dose IC50	Inhibition Pathways	Ref.
U. pinnatifid algae	Fucoidan	Human lung cancer A549 cells	50, 100, 200 μg mL−1	↓ procaspase 3 PARP cleavage Caspase-9 activation ↓ procaspase 3 ↓ Bcl-2, ↑ Bax	[33]
F. vesiculosus	Fucoidan	lung cancer A549 cells	50–400 μg mL−1	inhibited the MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression, cell migration, and invasion activities of LLC cells	[34]
Bryopsis	Kahalalide F	lung cancer A549 cells	2.5 µg L−1	Targets the lysosomes,	[35]
Hypnea musciformis	Chloroform extract	NCI-H292 (human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma)	15.0 ± 1.3 μg mL−1	-	[28]
	Ethanol extract	NCI-H292	22.0 ± 3.5 μg mL−1	-	[28]
Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis	Polysaccharide	NSCLC cell line, A549	50 μg mL−1	-	[36]
Sargassum fusiforme	Ploysaccharide	lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells and its xenograft model	-	inhibit VEGF-A-related angiogenesis and proliferation	[37]
Sargassum macrocarpum	Tuberatolide B (TTB, C27H34O4)	(A549 and H1299)	-	promotes ROS, mediated inhibition of STAT3 signaling, decreased the expression of Bcl2, increases the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, enhances the percentage of annexin V, positive apoptotic cells, induces ROS generation, induces DNA Damage, induces the phosphorylation of Chk2 and H2AX.	[38]
Plocamium cartilagineum	halogenated monoterpene 1 (5E,7Z)-3 48-trichloro-7-dichloromethyl-3-methyl-157-octatriene)	(NCI-H460)	4 μg mL−1	-	[39]
Codium decorticatum	glycoprotein	A549 lung cancer	40 ± 0.41 μg mL−1	Induction of apoptosis	[40]
Gracilaria edulis	phytol, a diterpene	A549 lung cancer	24.5 ± 19.1 μg mL−1 at 48 h	-	[41]

-: not determined; Ref.: Reference; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.