Table 2.

Microalgae bioactive molecules with biological source and activity against lung cancer cells.

Algae Species	Active Molecule	Lung Cancer Cells	Dose IC50	Inhibition Pathways	Ref.
Haematococcus sp.	Astaxanthin	NSCLC	5–25 μg mL−1	↓ MKK1/2-ERK1/2 inducing cytotoxicity against cancer	[42]
Chlorella zofingiensis	Lycopene	A549	3–5 mM	↓ mRNA and protein levels of cyclin E	[43,44,45]
Dunaliella salina	Beta-carotene	A549	25–100 μg mL−1	↓cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle G0/G1 arrest	[46]
Tetraselmis; Nannochloropsis	EPA and DHA	A549 H1299	EPA = 6.05 μM 50% inhibition	Generate PGE3 through COX-2 enzyme ↓ Of Akt phosphorylation by PGE3.	[47,48]
Chlorella Vulgaris	Polyphenols, Flavonoid	H1299, A549, and H1437	13.40 and 0.46 (μg Gallic acid/g lyophilized extract), 3.18 μg quercetin/g lyophilized extract	Affects migration of cells, inhibits metastasis	[27]
Lyngbya sp.	Phycoerythrin	A549	100–200 µg mL−1	Cell arrest at G0/G1 phase, ↓ cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, an increment in lactate dehydrogenase release	[49]
Arthrospira platensis, Oscillatoria tenuise	Phycocyanin	A549	26.82 μg mL−1	Cell apoptosis/blebbing necrosis,	[30,50]
Lyngbya majuscule, Lyngbya sordida	Alotmide A, Aurilide	H-460 NCI–H460	-	Cell apoptosis	[51]
Leptolyngbya	Coibamide	NCI-H460	LC50 < 23 nM	Inhibits cell proliferation through novel mechanism	[52]
Caldora penicillata	Laucysteinamide A, Curacin.	H-460	11 uM,	Anti-tubulin formation	[42]
Gymnodinium	GA3P, d-galactan sulfate	NCI-H23	2.8	Inhibits topo I and topo II	[53]
		NCI-H226	2.2
		NCI-H522	1.3
		NCI-H460	3.8
		A54	11
		DMS273	2.0
		DMS11	2.7
P. tricornutum	Nonyl 8-acetoxy-6-methyloctanoate (NAMO)	A549	35% inhibition at 50 μg mL−1	p53 and caspace-3 mediated cell apoptotic pathway	[54]

-: Not Determined; Ref.: Reference.