Table 3.
Effect of treatment on cognition.
| Almond Diet | Nut-Free Diet | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Treatment | Post-Treatment | Pre-Treatment | Post-Treatment | Group (p) | Time (p) | Group × Time Interaction (p) | |
| Attention RT (composite Z-score)1 | −0.006 ± 0.081 | −0.006 ± 0.079 | 0.019 ± 0.081 | −0.067 ± 0.078 | 0.861 | 0.340 | 0.347 |
| Attention Accuracy (composite Z-score)2 | −0.087 ± 0.067 | −0.040 ± 0.071 | 0.064 ± 0.066 | 0.036 ± 0.070 | 0.217 | 0.769 | 0.264 |
| Working Memory RT (composite Z-score)3 | 0.030 ± 0.065 | −0.030 ±0.070 | 0.027 ± 0.066 | −0.065 ± 0.069 | 0.818 | 0.094 | 0.725 |
| Working Memory Accuracy (composite Z-score)4 | −0.122 ± 0.080 | −0.065 ± 0.087 | 0.090 ± 0.077 | 0.061 ± 0.085 | 0.138 | 0.627 | 0.148 |
| Long Term Memory Accuracy (composite Z-score)5 | −0.079 ± 0.066 | 0.020 ± 0.074 | −0.082 ± 0.065 | 0.100 ± 0.073 | 0.672 | 0.001 | 0.318 |
| Executive Function Accuracy (composite Z-score)6 | −0.151 ± 0.069 | −0.078 ± 0.075 | 0.074 ± 0.067 | 0.120 ± 0.074 | 0.028 | 0.084 | 0.693 |
| Simple RT (ms) | 345 ± 13 | 350 ± 12 | 354 ± 12 | 346 ± 12 | 0.861 | 0.836 | 0.523 |
| Choice RT -correct responses (%) | 94.82 ± 0.71 | 94.84 ± 0.58 | 94.43 ± 0.70 | 94.78 ± 0.57 | 0.771 | 0.707 | 0.741 |
| Choice RT (ms) | 490 ± 10 | 502 ± 11 | 495 ± 10 | 485 ± 11 | 0.611 | 0.919 | 0.161 |
| Four choice RT- correct responses (%) | 99.64 ± 0.10 | 99.72 ± 0.13 | 99.75 ± 0.10 | 99.50 ± 0.13 | 0.688 | 0.392 | 0.085 |
| Four choice RT (ms) | 690 ± 15 | 681 ± 16 | 713 ± 15 | 678 ± 16 | 0.624 | 0.008 | 0.108 |
| Rapid visual information processing -correct responses (%) | 33.1 ± 2.4 | 36.4 ± 2.3 | 35.1 ± 2.3 | 38.2 ± 2.6 | 0.560 | 0.015 | 0.924 |
| Rapid visual information processing RT (ms) | 539 ± 8 | 537 ± 8 | 540 ± 8 | 540 ± 8 | 0.809 | 0.823 | 0.795 |
| Rapid visual information processing (false alarms) | 10.1 ± 1.8 | 11.8 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 0.459 | 0.182 | 0.363 |
| Numeric working memory accuracy (%) | 89.16 ± 1.12 | 89.70 ± 1.17 | 91.86 ± 1.11 | 92.65 ± 1.16 | 0.056 | 0.330 | 0.861 |
| Numeric working memory RT (ms) | 1301 ± 39 | 1291 ± 39 | 1245 ± 39 | 1183 ± 39 | 0.121 | 0.047 | 0.155 |
| N-Back correct Reponses (%) | 73.59 ± 2.49 | 73.60 ± 2.87 | 75.83 ± 2.46 | 74.09 ± 2.82 | 0.791 | 0.845 | 0.844 |
| N-Back RT (ms) | 868 ± 33 | 890 ± 39 | 912 ± 32 | 886 ± 38 | 0.640 | 0.950 | 0.361 |
| Corsi Blocks -span (score) | 5.07 ± 0.12 | 5.16 ± 0.13 | 5.23 ± 0.11 | 5.04 ± 0.13 | 0.889 | 0.551 | 0.132 |
| Corsi Blocks RT (ms) | 8320 ± 344 | 7722 ± 293 | 8670 ± 340 | 8257 ± 289 | 0.242 | 0.042 | 0.707 |
| Peg and Ball planning time (before responding) (ms) | 6399 ± 293 | 6032 ± 279 | 6098 ± 289 | 5669 ± 275 | 0.368 | 0.017 | 0.852 |
| Peg and Ball execution time (ms) | 16918 ± 614 | 15943 ± 546 | 16045 ± 607 | 14671 ± 539 | 0.169 | 0.000 | 0.444 |
| Peg and Ball Errors (score) | 4.66 ± 0.46 | 4.02 ± 0.48 | 4.02 ± 0.45 | 3.16 ± 0.47 | 0.141 | 0.074 | 0.786 |
| Immediate Word Recall- correct responses(score) | 5.36 ± 0.24 | 5.61 ± 0.25 | 5.55 ± 0.24 | 6.38 ± 0.24 | 0.105 | 0.002 | 0.094 |
| Delayed Word Recall- correct responses (score) | 3.61 ± 0.24 | 4.02 ± 0.26 | 3.88 ± 0.24 | 4.30 ± 0.26 | 0.383 | 0.019 | 0.983 |
| Word Recognition- correct responses (%) | 80.26 ± 1.17 | 81.71 ± 1.12 | 77.43 ± 1.15 | 81.44 ± 1.10 | 0.253 | 0.002 | 0.147 |
| Word Recognition RT (ms) | 1265 ± 38 | 1277 ± 42 | 1330 ± 38 | 1348 ± 42 | 0.177 | 0.560 | 0.917 |
| Picture Recognition- correct responses (%) | 96.94 ± 0.51 | 96.46 ± 0.52 | 96.05 ± 0.50 | 96.52 ± 0.51 | 0.518 | 0.975 | 0.170 |
| Picture Recognition RT (ms) | 957 ± 26 | 946 ± 26 | 1000 ± 26 | 991 ± 26 | 0.210 | 0.442 | 0.966 |
| Stroop Congruent accuracy (%) | 99.08 ± 0.31 | 99.02 ± 0.29 | 99.22 ± 0.30 | 98.81 ± 0.28 | 0.915 | 0.395 | 0.515 |
| Stroop Incongruent accuracy (%) | 95.08 ± 0.89 | 95.26 ± 0.91 | 97.23 ± 0.87 | 97.80 ± 0.90 | 0.041 | 0.496 | 0.729 |
| Stroop Congruent RT (ms) | 1163 ± 38 | 1115 ± 37 | 1130 ± 37 | 1084 ± 36 | 0.492 | 0.063 | 0.957 |
| Stroop Incongruent RT (ms) | 1245 ± 42 | 1262 ± 41 | 1262 ± 41 | 1230 ± 40 | 0.905 | 0.700 | 0.290 |
| Serial 3 (number of responses) | 20.7 ± 1.3 | 20.4 ± 1.3 | 23.7 ± 1.2 | 23.7 ± 1.3 | 0.071 | 0.813 | 0.772 |
| Serial 3 accuracy (%) | 18.27 ± 1.29 | 17.71 ± 1.36 | 21.39 ± 1.27 | 20.72 ± 1.35 | 0.089 | 0.248 | 0.917 |
| Serial 7 (number of responses) | 14.8 ± 1.1 | 15.3 ± 1.2 | 18.3 ± 1.1 | 18.1 ± 1.1 | 0.041 | 0.653 | 0.333 |
| Serial 7 accuracy (%) | 11.46 ± 1.13 | 12.01 ± 1.20 | 15.13 ± 1.11 | 14.72 ± 1.19 | 0.046 | 0.875 | 0.279 |
Estimated Marginal Means ± SEM presented from Linear Mixed Model (including age, gender and BMI as covariates), at baseline (pre-treatment) and 12weeks (post-treatment). Statistical significance p < 0.05. RT = reaction time, ms = milliseconds. 1Composite score for Attention -Reaction Time (RT) = (zSimple RT + zChoice RT + zFour Choice RT + zRapid Visual Information Processing)/4. 2Composite score for Attention -Accuracy = (zChoice RT + zFour Choice RT + zRapid Visual Information Processing + zSerial subtraction 3 + zSerial subtraction 7)/5. 3Composite score for Working Memory-RT = (zNumeric Working Memory + zN-back + zCorsi blocks + zRapid Visual Information Processing)/4. 4Composite score for Working Memory -Accuracy = (zNumeric Working Memory + zN-back + zCorsi blocks + zSerial subtraction 3 + zSerial subtraction 7 + zRapid Visual Information Processing)/6. 5Composite score for Long Term Memory = (zDelayed Word Recall + zDelayed Word Recognition + zDelayed Picture Recognition + zVerbal Fluency + zVerbal Fluency Exclusion)/5. 6Composite score for Executive Function = (zStroop Congruent correct + zStroop Incongruent correct + zVerbal Fluency + zVerbal Fluency Exclusion + zSerial subtraction 3 + zSerial subtraction 7 + zPeg and Ball (accuracy = negatively scored errors))/7.