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. 2020 Apr 1;12(4):978. doi: 10.3390/nu12040978

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (Kyn), and leucine (Leu) on C2C12 myoblasts. (a,b) Cell proliferation was determined after incubation of C2C12 myoblasts with the indicated concentrations of (a) Trp and (b) Kyn for 72 h. (c–e) Cell differentiation was determined based on the myotube formation by C2C12 myoblasts after incubation in differentiation medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% horse serum) under the indicated conditions for seven days. (c) Cell morphology. (d,e) Numbers of myotubes and the myotube length. * p < 0.05.