Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes.
| Group EG (n = 89) CG (n = 81) |
Pre | Post | 6 mo | Intra. Dif (6 mo – Pre) 95% IC |
Effect Size | Dif. Inter 6 mo (EG – CG) 95% IC |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRQL (SF-36) | |||||||
| Physical Function (PF) | EG | 60 ± 18.2 | 80.2 ± 13.4 | 81.4 ± 13.8 | 22 (18.9, 25.2) ** | 1.2 | 18.7 (14.1, 23.4) † |
| CG | 63.1 ± 23.3 | 65.8 ± 22.3 | 65.8 ± 20.9 | 3.3 (−0.1, 6.7) | 0.1 | ||
| Role Physical (RP) | EG | 47.5 ± 26.3 | 77.8 ± 20.7 | 78.2 ± 20.4 | 32.3 (26.4, 38.2) ** | 1.2 | 30.7 (21.6, 39.8) † |
| CG | 56.2 ± 25.7 | 58.1 ± 25.4 | 59.1 ±24.7 | 1.6 (−5.2, 8.5) | 0.1 | ||
| Bodily Pain (BP) | EG | 32.7 ± 17.1 | 75.8 ± 16.5 | 73.1 ± 14.9 | 41 (36.9, 45) ** | 2.4 | 34.9 (28.3, 41.3) † |
| CG | 36.7 ± 19 | 44.2 ± 20.8 | 42.8 ± 23.2 | 6.1 (1, 11.2) * | 0.3 | ||
| Social Functioning (SF) | EG | 60.5 ± 24.1 | 88.1 ± 15.4 | 84.3 ± 18.5 | 24.1 (18.9, 29.3) ** | 1 | 22.7 (14.3, 30.9) † |
| CG | 68.7 ± 24.6 | 71.6 ± 25.3 | 70.7 ± 24.7 | 1.4 (−5.1, 8) | 0.1 | ||
| Mental Heath (MH) | EG | 61.4 ± 18.6 | 77.6 ± 15.7 | 74.1 ± 17.2 | 12.8 (9.3, 16.3) ** | 0.7 | 12.4 (7, 18) † |
| CG | 63.3 ± 19.5 | 63.4 ± 17.3 | 64.4 ± 19 | 0.4 (−3.9, 4.6) | 0 | ||
| Role Emotion (RE) | EG | 74.2 ± 24.7 | 89.2 ± 15.4 | 90.3 ± 15.1 | 16.9 (11.7, 22) ** | 0.7 | 16.7 (9.3, 23.9) † |
| CG | 80.2 ± 21.8 | 80.6 ± 21.4 | 82.6 ± 20.1 | 0.2 (−4.8, 5.3) | 0 | ||
| Vitality (VT) | EG | 40 ± 18.4 | 65.1 ± 17.8 | 59.8 ± 18.5 | 20.3 (16.3, 24.3) ** | 1.1 | 17.4 (10.7, 24.1) † |
| CG | 42.8 ± 20.1 | 44.1 ± 18.4 | 46.8 ± 19.6 | 2.9 (−2.5, 8.3) | 0.1 | ||
| General Health (GH) | EG | 42.4 ± 16.7 | 66.2 ± 16.8 | 65.4 ± 17.7 | 24 (20.4, 27.6) ** | 1.4 | 23.5 (18.1, 28.9) † |
| CG | 48.9 ± 19.9 | 50.7 ± 18.2 | 48.6 ± 20.4 | 0.5 (−3.5, 4.5) | 0 | ||
| Health Transition | EG | 30.1 ± 18.1 | 76.2 ± 15 | 75.9 ± 14.5 | 45.4 (40.5, 50.2) ** | 2.5 | 37.1 (29, 45.1) † |
| CG | 36.1 ± 19.4 | 41.4 ± 22.1 | 43.8 ± 23.6 | 8.3 (1.9, 14.8) | 0.4 | ||
| Physical component summary (PCS) | EG | 34.9 ± 7.3 | 47.4 ± 6.9 | 47.4 ± 6.7 | 12.9 (11.4, 14.3) ** | 1.8 | 11.4 (9.1, 13.6) † |
| CG | 37.1 ± 9.3 | 38.9 ± 9 | 38.3 ± 8.5 | 1.5 (−0.2, 3.3) | 0.2 | ||
| Mental component summary (MCS) | EG | 44.9 ± 10.1 | 51.7 ± 7.7 | 50 ± 7.9 | 5.1 (3.2, 7.1) ** | 0.5 | 5.2 (2.2, 8.1) † |
| CG | 46.6 ± 10.2 | 46.5 ± 8.8 | 47.3 ± 9.3 | −0.1 (−2.3, 2.1) | 0 | ||
| Catasthrophism (PCS) | EG | 30.3 ± 8.7 | 15.4 ± 7.3 | 15.5 ± 7.2 | −15 (−16.7, −13.4) ** | −1.7 | −11 (−13.6, −8.4) † |
| CG | 27.9 ± 9.1 | 26.6 ± 9.7 | 24.2 ± 10.3 | −4 (−6, −2.1) ** | −0.4 | ||
| Rumination | EG | 10.5 ± 2.8 | 5.6 ± 2.6 | 5.5 ± 2.6 | −5 (−5.6, −4.5) ** | −1.8 | −3.6 (−4.5, −2.7) † |
| CG | 9.6 ± 3.1 | 9.2 ± 3.2 | 8.2 ± 3.6 | −1.4 (−2.1, −0.7) ** | −0.5 | ||
| Magnification | EG | 6.3 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2 | 3.2 ± 2 | −3.2 (−3.7, −2.7) ** | −1.4 | −2.5 (−3.3, −1.6) † |
| CG | 5.8 ± 2.7 | 5.5 ± 2.8 | 5.3 ± 2.6 | −0.7 (−1.4, −0.1) * | −0.3 | ||
| Helplessness | EG | 13.5 ± 4.6 | 6.7 ± 3.7 | 6.7 ± 3.8 | −6.8 (−7.8, −5.9) ** | −1.5 | −4.9 (−6.4, −3.6) † |
| CG | 12.5 ± 4.6 | 11.9 ± 4.8 | 10.7 ± 5 | −1.9 (−2.8, −0.9) ** | −0.4 | ||
| Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) | EG | 28.9 ± 6.6 | 17.1 ± 4 | 17.2 ± 4.7 | −12.2 (−13.5, −10.9) ** | −1.8 | −10.6 (−12.4, −8.7) † |
| CG | 27.5 ± 7.1 | 26.1 ± 6.3 | 26.3 ± 7.6 | −1.6 (−3, −0.3) * | −0.2 | ||
| Central Sensitization (CSI) | EG | 43.4 ± 12.5 | 25.7 ± 10.8 | 25.8 ± 10.5 | −17.7 (−19.3, −16) ** | −1.4 | −16.6 (−19, −14.1) † |
| CG | 38.6 ± 11.7 | 37.7±12.4 | 37.4 ± 13.5 | −1.1 (−2.9, 0.6) | −0.1 | ||
| Disability (RMDC) | EG | 9.2 ± 4.8 | 3.3 ± 3.5 | 3.3 ± 3.8 | −6 (−6.8, −5.2) ** | −1.2 | −5.6 (−6.7, −4.5) † |
| CG | 8 ± 4.7 | 7.6 ± 4.6 | 7.7 ± 4.8 | −0.4 (−1.1, 0.2) | −0.1 | ||
| Pain intensity (VAS) | EG | 74.1 ± 14.5 | 26.7 ± 18 | 27 ± 16.2 | −48.2 (−52.6, −43.8) ** | −3.3 | −40.9 (−46.7, −35.2) † |
| CG | 67.2 ± 14.3 | 58.4 ± 17.7 | 59.7 ± 19.8 | −7.3 (−10.6, −3.9) ** | −0.5 | ||
| Algometry (PPT). P1 | EG | 2.4 ± 1 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) ** | 1.8 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) † |
| CG | 2.5 ± 1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 0 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0 | ||
| Algometry (PPT). P2 | EG | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) ** | 2.1 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) † |
| CG | 2.5 ± 1 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | 0.2 | ||
| Algometry (PPT). P3 | EG | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 2 | 2.4 (2, 2.8) ** | 2 | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) † |
| CG | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3 ± 1.4 | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | 0.2 | ||
| Algometry (PPT). P4 | EG | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | 5 ± 2.1 | 2.5 (2, 2.9) ** | 2.1 | 2.3 (1.7, 2.9) † |
| CG | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3 ± 1.4 | 0.2(-0.1,0.5) | 0.2 |
Pre: Values before intervention; Post: Values post-intervention (week 11); 6 mo: Values six months; Intra. Dif: Intragroup difference; Inter. Dif.: Intergroup difference; * and ** indicates significant intragroup differences between six months assessment and initial assessment (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively); † indicates significant intergroup differences between six months assessment and initial assessment (p < 0.001).