Table 3.
Mean intakes (SD) of energy, nutrients and food groups of shift workers during different schedule types.
| Day Shift (n = 117) |
Evening Shift (n = 16) |
Half Night Shift 1 (n = 18) | Split Night Shift 2 (n = 19) | Night (n = 69) | Day Following Night (Recovery) (n = 53) | Day Off (n = 73) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 2398 (816) B,C | 2107 (631) B | 2277 (565) B | 3370 (1764) A | 2233 (883) B | 1993 (727) B,D | 2379 (866) B | <0.0001 |
| Energy per kg (kcal) | 28.6 (11.0) B | 24.0 (7.4) B | 28.9 (7.5) B | 40.0 (19.7) A | 26.6 (11.2) B | 23.7 (9.0) B | 28.3 (10.0) B | <0.0001 |
| Proteins (% of TEI) | 18.5 (5.9) | 19.7 (8.3) | 20.8 (8.9) | 19.8 (6.3) | 18.0 (6.8) | 20.8 (9.4) | 19.3 (7.3) | 0.16 |
| Lipids (% of TEI) | 34.9 (8.8) | 32.4 (8.7) | 34.4 (6.2) | 34.4 (7.7) | 33.7 (9.5) | 34.5 (11.5) | 37.4 (7.6) | 0.15 |
| SFA (% of TEI) | 13.2 (4.1) | 12.0 (3.8) | 12.3 (5.7) | 14.2 (4.9) | 13.9 (5.7) | 12.4 (5.8) | 14.1 (4.5) | 0.26 |
| CHO (% of TEI) | 44.9 (10.5) | 46.2 (14.4) | 42.8 (9.1) | 44.2 (6.7) | 46.6 (10.8) | 45.0 (10.8) | 41.6 (10.9) | 0.50 |
| Fiber (g) | 20.5 (10.2) B | 18.2 (6.0) | 21.7 (9.3) | 27.4 (18.1) B | 17.8 (9.5) | 15.5 (7.5) A | 21.2 (15.0) | 0.0002 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 120 (116) | 74 (90) | 103 (117) | 126 (116) | 95 (88) | 88 (89) | 86 (68) | 0.001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 3588 (2753) | 2561 (821) | 3456 (1513) | 4794 (2359) A | 3001 (1711) | 2531 (3184) B | 2837 (1795) B | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 813 (399) B | 739 (622) | 595 (336) B | 1354 (1025) A | 748 (455) B | 633 (402) B | 821 (714) B | 0.0001 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 280 (133) | 247 (161) | 266 (148) | 391 (310) A | 241 (130) B | 231 (127) B | 270 (208) B | 0.0003 |
| Alcohol (g) | 12.4 (23.9) D | 4.8 (9.1) | 2.9 (7.1) | 8.7 (12.6) | 5.0 (12.7) A | 30.4 (57.3) B,C | 19.3 (33.6) B | <0.0001 |
| Fruits (serv) | 0.98 (1.31) | 0.93 (1.08) | 0.81 (0.99) | 0.71 (0.80) | 0.86 (1.18) | 0.50 (0.81) | 0.77 (0.99) | 0.04 |
| Vegetables (serv) | 1.87 (1.50) | 1.31 (1.73) | 1.83 (1.80) | 1.70 (1.03) | 1.64 (1.35) | 1.49 (1.21) | 1.44 (1.33) | 0.21 |
| Fruits and vegetables (serv) | 2.85 (2.07) B | 2.23 (1.79) | 2.64 (2.24) | 2.41 (1.42) | 2.49 (1.90) | 1.99 (1.42) A | 2.21 (1.75) | 0.001 |
| Starchy foods and grains (serv) | 3.44 (2.30) B | 3.29 (1.92) | 3.21 (1.81) | 5.33 (3.27) A | 3.40 (2.01) | 2.64 (1.88) B | 3.08 (1.95) B | 0.0004 |
| Whole grains (serv) | 0.31 (0.60) | 0.31 (0.38) | 0.39 (0.56) | 0.59 (0.85) | 0.30 (0.76) | 0.21 (0.47) | 0.49 (0.89) | 0.21 |
| Meat, fish, eggs (serv) | 2.33 (1.70) B | 2.87 (2.88) | 3.27 (1.96) | 5.10 (7.47) A | 2.03 (1.24) B | 2.19 (1.56) B | 2.39 (1.94) B | <0.0001 |
| Dairies (serv) | 1.37 (1.27) | 1.33 (1.13) | 0.62 (0.70) | 2.51 (2.86) A | 1.30 (1.33) | 1.03 (1.21) B | 1.54 (1.76) | 0.002 |
| Hydration (water, tea, coffee, diet soda) (mL) | 1598 (961) D | 1184 (901) | 1687 (1074) | 2166 (994) A | 1458 (859) B | 1264 (735) B,C | 1491 (899) B | <0.0001 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (mL) | 246 (454) | 196 (247) | 79 (148) | 195 (292) | 301 (484) | 168 (381) | 122 (196) | 0.04 |
| Number of eating occasions | 7.0 (3.3) C | 6.5 (2.0) | 8.2 (3.8) E | 8.6 (3.8) A,D | 6.6 (3.0) B,D | 5.5 (2.7) B,D,F | 5.7 (2.5) B,D,F | <0.0001 |
1 shift ending at 0 a.m. or 1 a.m., 2 shift from 6 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. TEI = total energy intake, SFA = saturated fatty acids, CHO = carbohydrates, serv = serving. A,B Significant differences between groups (Post-Hoc analyses) where results labelled A are significantly different from B (same for C, D and E, F).