Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants by Dietary Inflammatory Index® (DII®) quintiles in the KoGES_HEXA cohort, 2004–2013.
| Characteristics | Quintiles of Dietary Inflammatory Index® a | p for Trend b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Total observations (n = 157,812) | 31,542 | 31,565 | 31,593 | 31,555 | 31,557 | |
| Total cases of MS (n = 3507) | 681 | 704 | 732 | 694 | 696 | |
| DII® score range c | −9.12 to −0.97 | −0.97 to 0.41 | 0.41 to 1.29 | 1.29 to 2.19 | 2.19 to 6.93 | |
| Age (years) | 52.1 (7.97) d | 52.2 (8.14) | 52.6 (8.22) | 53.2 (8.45) | 54.5 (8.65) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) e | 23.9 (2.77) | 23.8 (2.78) | 23.8 (2.76) | 23.7 (2.77) | 23.6 (2.86) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (n = 53,304) | 10,261 (32.6) f | 10,678 (33.9) | 10,777 (34.2) | 10,545 (33.5) | 11,043 (35.0) | <0.0001 |
| Female (n = 104,508) | 21,281 (67.4) | 20,887 (66.1) | 20,816 (65.8) | 21,010 (66.5) | 20,514 (65.0) | |
| Education level | ||||||
| Elementary school | 3583 (11.5) | 4066 (13.1) | 4886 (15.7) | 5895 (19.0) | 7992 (25.7) | <0.0001 |
| Middle ~ high school | 18,511 (59.5) | 18,259 (58.6) | 18,117 (58.1) | 17,971 (57.8) | 17,360 (55.9) | |
| College~ | 9014 (29.0) | 8812 (28.3) | 8205 (26.2) | 7243 (23.2) | 5712 (18.4) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never | 15,609 (49.7) | 15,511 (49.3) | 15,811 (50.1) | 16,196 (51.4) | 16,646 (53.0) | <0.0001 |
| Past | 1258 (4.0) | 1148 (3.7) | 1117 (3.6) | 1273 (4.1) | 1294 (4.1) | |
| Current | 14,525 (46.3) | 14,780 (47.0) | 14,573 (46.3) | 13,986 (44.5) | 13,495 (42.9) | |
| Physical activity g | ||||||
| Irregular | 12,234 (38.9) | 13,719 (43.6) | 14,607 (46.4) | 15,688 (49.9) | 17,944 (57.1) | <0.0001 |
| Regular | 19,212 (61.1) | 17,758 (56.4) | 16,911 (53.6) | 15,759 (50.1) | 13,494 (42.9) | |
| Income (million (s) Korean won) | ||||||
| Less than 1 | 2017 (7.8) | 2206 (8.3) | 2691 (10.1) | 3467 (13.0) | 4669 (17.3) | |
| 1~less than 2 | 4636 (18.0) | 4924 (18.5) | 5290 (19.9) | 5707 (21.5) | 6552 (24.2) | <0.0001 |
| 2~less than 3 | 5929 (23.0) | 6343 (23.9) | 6079 (22.9) | 5901 (22.2) | 5794 (21.4) | |
| More than 3 | 13,243 (51.2) | 13,088 (49.3) | 12,545 (47.1) | 11,522 (43.3) | 10,056 (37.1) | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 28,269 (90.3) | 28,224 (90.0) | 27,972 (89.1) | 27,270 (87.0) | 26,543 (84.8) | <0.0001 |
| Unmarried/divorced | 3055 (9.7) | 3142 (10.0) | 3453 (10.9) | 4101 (13.0) | 4788 (15.2) | |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 23,450 (74.8) | 23,161 (73.7) | 23,178 (73.6) | 23,255 (74.0) | 22,278 (70.9) | <0.0001 |
| Past | 4312 (13.7) | 4668 (14.9) | 4674 (14.9) | 4508 (14.3) | 4562 (14.5) | |
| Current | 3610 (11.5) | 3605 (11.4) | 3632 (11.5) | 3680 (11.7) | 4592 (14.6) | |
| Menopause status | ||||||
| Post-menopause | 10,986 (55.9) | 11,053 (55.9) | 11,360 (57.4) | 12,050 (60.3) | 12,994 (65.2) | <0.0001 |
| Pre-/peri-menopause | 8644 (44.1) | 8731 (44.1) | 8427 (42.6) | 7943 (39.7) | 6931 (34.8) | |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||
| Negative | 25,796 (81.8) | 25,901 (82.1) | 25,834 (81.8) | 26,010 (82.5) | 26,451 (83.9) | <0.0001 |
| Positive | 5746 (18.2) | 5664 (17.9) | 5759 (18.2) | 5545 (17.5) | 5106 (16.1) | |
| Family history of hypertension | ||||||
| Negative | 22,605 (71.7) | 22,188 (70.3) | 22,293 (70.6) | 22,587 (71.6) | 22,986 (72.9) | <0.0001 |
| Positive | 8937 (28.3) | 9377 (29.7) | 9300 (29.4) | 8968 (28.4) | 8571 (27.1) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.5 (8.4) | 80.4 (8.4) | 80.4 (8.3) | 80.2 (8.3) | 80.4 (8.4) | 0.05 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 117.2 (78.3) | 118.6 (78) | 118.6 (79.2) | 119 (80) | 121.2 (82.5) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.3 (12.8) | 55 (12.7) | 54.8 (12.7) | 54.7 (12.7) | 54.3 (13) | <0.0001 |
| Glucose concentration (mg/dL) | 93.5 (20) | 93.4 (18.4) | 93.8 (19.5) | 93.8 (19.8) | 94 (20.2) | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Systolic | 121.5 (15) | 121.4 (14.9) | 121.7 (15) | 121.8 (15.1) | 122.2 (15.3) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic | 74.3 (9.9) | 74.3 (9.7) | 74.4 (9.8) | 74.4 (9.7) | 74.6 (9.8) | 0.05 |
a Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) is presented by quintile (Q1 to Q5) at baseline, Q1 shows the anti-inflammatory index of DII®, while Q5 shows the maximum pro-inflammatory index of food parameters. b Jonckheere–Terpstra and Mantel–Haenszel Chi-square test was used to calculate p values for trend for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. c DII® score range is calculated by dividing DII® score into quintiles with same number of sample size (Q1~Q5) in the control group, subsequently confirmed the boundary value (minimum or maximum value) of the divided quintiles score and set the DII® value of the metabolic syndrome (MS) cases. d The data for continuous variables are presented as means (standard deviation). e BMI (body mass index; Kg/m2) was estimated according to Asia-Pacific guidelines. f The data for categorical variables were presented as n (%) among all the participants. g Regularity of physical activity was measured according to whether or not participants contributed regularly in any sports to the point of sweating. HDL-C: high-density lipid-cholesterol.