Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk metabolic syndrome and its components according to DII® quintiles.
| Quintiles of DII® Score a,b,c | P for Trend d | DII® Continuous | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||||
| Cases/Persons-years | 618/245,414 | 704/236,148 | 732/231,182 | 694/231,190 | 696/220,584 | |||
| DII®, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| All | −2.05 (1.46) | −0.20 (0.68) | 0.91 (0.43) | 1.64 (0.40) | 2.86 (0.96) | |||
| Men | −2.05 (1.47) | −0.20 (0.69) | 0.91 (0.43) | 1.64 (0.39) | 2.95 (1.06) | |||
| Women | −2.05 (1.45) | −0.20 (0.68) | 0.90 (0.43) | 1.65 (0.40) | 2.82 (0.89) | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||||||
| All | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.16 (1.03−1.29) c | 1.25 (1.12−1.41) | 1.26 (1.11−1.43) | 1.31 (1.15−1.49) | 0.002 | 1.02 (1.01−1.04) | |
| Men | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.88−1.24) | 1.09 (0.91−1.31) | 1.23 (1.01−1.48) | 1.14 (0.93−1.39) | 0.39 | 0.98 (0.96−1.01) | |
| Women | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.23 (1.06−1.42) | 1.36 (1.17−1.58) | 1.28 (1.08−1.50) | 1.43 (1.21−1.69) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.02−1.07) | |
| Elevated waist circumference | ||||||||
| All | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.13 (1.03−1.22) | 1.18 (1.08−1.29) | 1.23 (1.11−1.35) | 1.37 (1.24−1.51) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (1.04−1.07) | |
| Men (≥90cm) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.15 (0.99−1.33) | 1.25 (1.07−1.47) | 1.20 (1.02−1.42) | 1.28 (1.08−1.52) | 0.01 | 1.06 (1.03−1.09) | |
| Women (or ≥85cm) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.12 (1.01−1.24) | 1.14 (1.02−1.27) | 1.25 (1.11−1.40) | 1.42 (1.26−1.61) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (1.03−1.08) | |
| High triacylglycerol (≥150 mg/dL), | ||||||||
| All | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.15 (1.07−1.23) | 1.18 (1.11−1.27) | 1.20 (1.11−1.30) | 1.24 (1.14−1.35) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.01−1.04) | |
| Men | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.10 (0.97−1.24) | 1.11 (0.96−1.25) | 1.11 (0.96−1.27) | 1.11 (0.96−1.28) | 0.23 | 1.01 (0.98−1.03) | |
| Women | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.16 (1.07−1.26) | 1.22 (1.11−1.33) | 1.25 (1.13−1.37) | 1.30 (1.18−1.44) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.02−1.05) | |
| Low HDL-C | ||||||||
| All | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.20 (1.08−1.33) | 1.22 (1.09−1.37) | 1.37 (1.21−1.54) | 1.63 (1.44−1.84) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (1.06−1.11) | |
| Men (<40 mg/dL) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.26 (1.03−1.53) | 1.15 (0.93−1.42) | 1.34 (1.08−1.67) | 1.59 (1.27−1.99) | 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.02−1.11) | |
| Women (<50 mg/dL) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.17 (1.03−1.33) | 1.25 (1.09−1.43) | 1.37 (1.19−1.58) | 1.64 (1.41−1.90) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.06−1.12) | |
| High glucose (≥100 mg/dL) | ||||||||
| All | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.09 (1.03−1.16) | 1.14 (1.07−1.21) | 1.16 (1.08−1.24) | 1.18 (1.09−1.26) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (1.01−1.03) | |
| Men | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.08 (0.98−1.18) | 1.08 (0.98−1.20) | 1.08 (0.97−1.20) | 1.01 (0.90−1.13) | 0.94 | 0.99 (0.97−1.01) | |
| Women | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.10 (1.02−1.19) | 1.17 (1.07−1.27) | 1.21 (1.11−1.32) | 1.30 (1.18−1.43) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.02−1.05) | |
| High blood pressure | ||||||||
| All | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.11 (1.04−1.18) | 1.14 (1.06−1.22) | 1.14 (1.06−1.23) | 1.24 (1.15−1.34) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.02−1.04) | |
| Men | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.16 (1.04−1.30) | 1.13 (1.01−1.27) | 1.16 (1.03−1.31) | 1.17 (1.03−1.32) | 0.05 | 1.02 (1.00−1.04) | |
| Women | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.07 (0.99−1.16) | 1.14 (1.05−1.24) | 1.12 (1.02−1.23) | 1.29 (1.17−1.41) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.02−1.05) | |
a Dietary inflammatory index® (DII®) score presented by quintile at baseline, which divided the DII® scores into five levels (Q1 to Q5). b Data are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with correspondent 95% confidence intervals (CI). c Multivariate-adjusted for sex, age, smoke, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension and energy intake. p for heterogeneity between men and women using a likelihood test = 0.99. d p for trend values were determined using categorical DII® scores. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the Modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the obesity guidelines of the Obesity Society of Korea, as ≥3 of any of the following [27,28]: waist circumference [WC] ≥90 for men or ≥85 for women); high triglyceride level (≥150 mg/dL), low HDL-C level (<40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women); high glucose level (fasting plasma glucose level ≥100 mg/dL) and high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure ≥130/85 mmgHg or the use of antihypertensive drugs). Bold letters represents significance difference at p < 0.05.