Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of metabolic syndrome and its components as stratified by menopausal status of women according to DII® quintiles.
| MS with Components | Quintiles of Dietary Inflammatory Index® (DII®) a,b,c | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menopausal Status | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend d | DII® Continuous | |
| Metabolic syndrome | Pre-/peri- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.77−1.36) | 1.02 (0.75−1.39) | 1.19 (0.87−1.63) | 1.26 (0.90−1.77) | 0.11 | 1.03 (0.97−1.10) |
| Post- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.27 (1.07−1.51) | 1.47 (1.23−1.76) | 1.28 (1.05−1.56) | 1.50 (1.23−1.83) | 0.0008 | 1.05 (1.02−1.09) | |
| Elevated waist circumference | Pre-/peri- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.12 (0.95−1.34) | 0.93 (0.76−1.13) | 1.19 (0.97−1.46) | 1.42 (1.14−1.76) | 0.003 | 1.06 (1.02−1.10) |
| Post- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.12 (0.99−1.28) | 1.22 (1.07−1.40) | 1.27 (1.10−1.46) | 1.40 (1.21−1.63) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.02−1.08) | |
| High triacylglycerol | Pre-/peri- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.12 (0.97−1.29) | 1.11 (0.95−1.29) | 1.15 (0.98−1.36) | 1.25 (1.04−1.48) | 0.02 | 1.03 (1.00−1.06) |
| Post- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.19 (1.07−1.33) | 1.29 (1.15−1.44) | 1.32 (1.18−1.49) | 1.37 (1.21−1.55) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.02−1.06) | |
| Low HDL-C | Pre-/peri- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.15 (0.93−1.43) | 1.27 (1.01−1.58) | 1.46 (1.15−1.85) | 1.81 (1.41−2.33) | <0.0001 | 1.10 (1.05−1.16) |
| Post- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.11 (0.94−1.31) | 1.15 (0.97−1.37) | 1.26 (1.05−1.51) | 1.45 (1.20−1.74) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.03−1.10) | |
| High glucose | Pre-/peri- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.06 (0.92−1.21) | 1.13 (0.97−1.30) | 1.13 (0.97−1.32) | 1.27 (1.07−1.49) | 0.004 | 1.04 (1.01−1.07) |
| Post- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.13 (1.02−1.25) | 1.20 (1.07−1.33) | 1.27 (1.14−1.43) | 1.33 (1.19−1.50) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.02−1.06) | |
| High blood pressure | Pre-/peri- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.08 (0.94−1.25) | 1.15 (0.99−1.33) | 1.12 (0.95−1.32) | 1.42 (1.20−1.68) | 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.03−1.09) |
| Post- | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.09 (0.98−1.21) | 1.15 (1.04−1.29) | 1.14 (1.01−1.28) | 1.25 (1.11−1.41) | 0.0005 | 1.03 (1.01−1.05) | |
a Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) score presented by quintile at baseline, which divided the DII® scores into five levels (Q1 to Q5). b Data are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with correspondent 95% confidence intervals (CI). c Multivariate-adjusted for sex, age, smoke, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension and energy intake. d p for trend values were determined using categorical DII® scores. p for heterogeneity between Pre−/peri and post-menopause in MS, WC, TG, HDL-C, Glu and BP using a likelihood test was 0.039, <0.001, <0.001, 0.133, <0.001 and <0.001 respectively. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the Modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the obesity guidelines of the Obesity Society of Korea, as ≥3 of any of the following [27,28]: waist circumference [WC] ≥90 for men or ≥85 for women); high triglyceride level (≥150 mg/dL), low HDL-C level (<40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women); high glucose level (fasting plasma glucose level ≥100 mg/dL) and high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure ≥130/85 mmgHg or the use of antihypertensive drugs). Bold letters represents significance difference at p < 0.05.