Table 5.

Summary of the references towards edible insects within African wildlife management legislation; numbers refer to the specific article of the regulation in question; for Cape Verde, Namibia, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, and Zambia, regulations’ definitions were not applicable to insects; no applicable regulations were found for Libya, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sudan, and Zimbabwe.

Country	Regulation	Insects Included	Insects a Usable Resource	Insects Used as Foodstuff	Insect Used Privately	Insects Used Commercially	Additional Information
Algeria	Loi no 14/07	2	2	2	2	2	permission needed (Art. 5); impact study requested (Art. 8); payment for rights
Angola	Lei no 6/17	4.45	4.65	12.1	65, 98	4.43	Title II: sustainable management of forests, Title III: that of animals
Benin	Loi no 2002-16	4	36, 45	96	97	75, 102	Art. 34 states that non-endangered species still benefit from general animal protection measures; permit needed (Art. 73); Chapter III on wildlife rearing
Botswana	Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act	2	19	19	19	39	Special game licenses for veld produce gatherers (30); wildlife management areas (Part III)
	Agricultural Resources Conservation (Utilization of Veld Products) Regulations	s *	2	2	3	4	Applies to phane caterpillars (Gonimbrasia belina) being a “veld product”; permit if harvest exceeds 10 kg/person/month
Burkina Faso	Décret no 96-061/PRES/PM/MEE/MATS/ MEFP/MCIA/MTT	?	III	III	21	27, 29	No definition of “animal” provided; mammals and birds: permits depending on the level of catching and the species
	Loi n o 003-2011/AN	107	115	115	115	115	Title III on the wildlife usage incl. farming
Burundi	Loi no 1/07	4.25, 4.26	144	144	144	144	Chapter IV, Section 3 deals with “non-wood forest products”
Cameroon	Loi no 94/01	3	8	8	8	101	Local populations harvesting forest products for personal use (Art. 8), permission is needed (Art. 99)
Central African Republic	Loi no 08.022	65	65	65	65	66–75	Only industrial usage of “forest products others than wood” is addressed
Chad	Loi no 14/PR/2008	I.2, II.2, III. 95	II.2, III. 141	III. 76	III. 72–77, III. 143	III. 78–88, III. 154, III. 179	Definition of “forest product” is prone to include insects; Extent of usage depends on the forest type; traditional usages is free and does not require a permit when used for personal needs (III.76); commercial use is subject to taxes and can be done by the owners; special section for ranched fauna (III. 180–189).
Comoros	Loi-cadre no 94-018	40	40	40	40	40	All wildlife usage (41) and introduction of foreign species (44) need an official permit
Congo, Democratic Republic (Kinshasa)	Loi no 82-0022	2					“game animals” are part of the term “fauna”, which comprises all vertebrate and invertebrate species
	Arrêté no 014/CAB/MIN/ENV/2004		33			38	Taxation and basic requirements for keeping wild animals
Congo, Republic (Brazzaville)	Loi no 48/83 du 21/04/1983	2					Insects classified as in no need of special protection; all hunting requires a permit (Article 7); law does not refer to private or commercial uses.
Djibouti	Décret no 2004-0065/PR/MHUEAT	2	2	2	2	2	Insects included in “biodiversity”; no wild animals may be managed.
Egypt	Law No. 102 of 1983	2	2	2	2	2	Applies to protected areas only
Equatorial Guinea	Ley n.o 8/1.988	2	3	3	46	49–63	Permit needed for hunting (Article 9)
Eritrea	Proclamation № 155/2006	2	25	25	25, 29, 30	25, 30	Permit needed for hunting (Article 25); specifications in case hunting is done due to necessity (29) and for wildlife farming (30)
Eswatini	Environment Management Act, 2002	2(1)					Insects part of “natural resources”, attended by the government
Ethiopia	Proclamation № 541/2007	2	2	2, 8	8	8, 12	Permit needed for hunting (Article 8) and trading (12)
Gabon	Loi no 016/01	4	163	199	199, 252–261	177, 233–243	Permit needed for any kind of wildlife-related activity
	Décret no 692/PR/MEFEPEPN	2	2	2	7	7	Subsidiary hunting is allowed and free, but products may be sold only within the community.
Gambia	National Environment Management Act (NEMA)	2					Insects are part of “biological diversity”, but no hints to a (sustainable) use are provided
	Biodiversity and Wildlife Act, 2003	2	VI	VI	VI	VIII	Same definition as in NEMA; harvesting license mandatory; commercial use of biological resources prohibited
Ghana	Wild Animals Preservation Act, 1961	12					Some edible species would be in the so-called “5th schedule” which allows one to take large amounts of animals to reduce their numbers.
	Wildlife Conservation Regulations						Theoretically, insects would enter the “4th schedule” in which an application has to be written to the authorities.
Guinea	Loi U97/038/An du 9 Decembre	2	61	61	61	62	Insects would be wild fauna, although other (vertebrate) taxa are mentioned in particular; no commercialization allowed.
Guinea-Bissau	Decreto-Lei no 5/2011	2	15	15	15	24	Insects part of “forest resources”
Ivory Coast	Loi no 65-255 &94-442						Insects are beyond the animal definition
Kenya	Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013, No. 47 of 2013	3	81	81	81	8th s *	Permits required; game farming allowed for butterflies (10th schedule),
Lesotho	Historical Monuments, Relics, Fauna and Flora Act, Act 41 of 1967	2					Among insects, only refers to bees; any activity requires written consent by the authorities
Liberia	New Wildlife and National Parks Act	1	27	27	27	28	Keeping wild animals only with a permit
Madagascar	Ordonnance no 60-126 du 3 Octobre 1960	1	3	3	3	3	Insects may fit into the category “vermin birds and other animals” and may be harvested indiscreetly
Malawi	National Parks and Wildlife Act, № 11 of 1992	2	45	45	69	Part X	Insects seem to fall into the unprotected animal category
Mali	Loi no 2018-036/ du 27 Juin 2018 fixant les principes de la gestion de la faune et de son habitat	2	78	166	143	113, 143	Insects are part of fauna; harvesting permit necessary; rearing of any kind of wild animal species in confinement is allowed (Chapter X)
Mauritania	Loi no 97-006 abrogeant et remplaçant la loi n° 75-003 du 15 janvier portant la chasse et de la protection de la nature	7	7	7	7	20	Animal gathering is termed hunting and is regulated, but insects are not mentioned explicitly, and fauna is divided in completely and partially protected vertebrates
Mauritius	Native Terrestrial Biodiversity and National Parks Act 2015	2	26	26	26	26	Insect gathering may be seen as a kind of hunting and thus requires a permit
Morocco	Loi no 29-05 relative à la protection des espèces de flore et de faune sauvages et au contrôle de leur commerce	2					Definition in Art. 2 include insects, but the hunting regulation refers to endangered (vertebrate) species only; other hunting regulations do not refer to species.
Mozambique	Lei no 10/99	1	20	20	20	23	Permits are required
Niger	Loi no 98-07 du 29 avril 1998 fixant le Régime de la Chasse et de la Protection de la Faune	4	5	5	5	18	Permits requested for hunting and selling
Nigeria	Forest Regulations	2	20	20	20	20	Insects are “minor forest produce” as defined by Art. 2 Forest Law; harvesting them requires a permit
	Wild Animals Law	2	43	43	43		Killing animals in times of famine
Rwanda	Itegeko no 70/2013 ryokuwa 07/09/2013 rigenga urosobe rw’ibinyabuzima mu Rwanda	2	29	29	29		Using biodiversity requires a permit
Sierra Leone	Wildlife Conservation Act, 1972	2	37	37	37	37	Permits required for hunting animals not contemplated in the schedules (e.g., insects)
South Africa	National Forests Act	2	22	22	22	28	Regulates the use and selling of “forest produces” in state forests
Tanzania	Wildlife Conservation Act, 2008	3	55	55	55	55, 89	Permits and licenses required for any wildlife-related activity
Togo	Loi no 2008-09 portant Code Forestier	2	Title IV	Title IV	Title IV	14, Title IV	Permits and licenses required for any wildlife-related activity
Tunisia	Loi no 20 portant Code forestier	3	215	215	211, 215		Animal products from forests may not be placed on the market
Uganda	Uganda Wildlife Statute, 1996	2	Part VI	Part VI	Part VI	Part VI, part VII	Permits and licenses required for any wildlife-related activity

* s = schedule.