Table 1.
Summary findings of the 73 papers included in this review. Studies that reported values for multiple study populations have been averaged for simplicity as per our methods and represented in italic. Studies that achieved mean difference and standard deviation for both SBP and DBP within the ANSI/AAMI/ISO 81060–2:2013 (mean difference of test versus reference BP measurements ≤ 5 mmHg with standard deviation ≤ 8 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP) [24] are represented in bold. M: males, F: females, BP: blood pressure, NTN: normotensive, HTN: hypertensive, ABP: invasive arterial blood pressure, CBP: cuff blood pressure, FABP: finger arterial blood pressure, PAT: Pulse arrival time, PTT: Pulse transit time, ME: mean error, SD: standard deviation, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, N/R: not reported, ECG: electrocardiogram, SCG: seismocardiogram, BCG: ballistocardiogram, ICG: impedance cardiogram, GCG: gyrocardiogram, IPG: impedance plethysmography, SBS: strain-based sensor, PIR: PPG intensity ratio, HPSR: heart-power spectrum ratio. M1: modality 1 (PPG + ECG), M2: modality 2 (PPG + BCG), M3: modality 3 (PPG + SCG), M4: modality 4 (PPG + IPG), M5: modality 5 (PPG + SBS), M6: modality 6 (PPG + ICG), M7: modality 7 (PPG + ECG + ICG), M8: modality 8 (PPG + ECG + BCG), M9: modality 9 (PPG + SCG + GCG), M10: modality 10 (PPG + ECG + SCG).
| Publication | # Subjects (M:F) | BP Status | Comorbidities | Gold Standard | Modality Category | ME ± SD (mmHg) | Pearson’s Coefficient (r) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baek et al. (2010) [25] | 15 (11:4) | NTN | Yes | ABP, FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.815 DBP = 0.779 |
| Chua et al. (2010) [26] | 18 (14:4) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.73 DBP = N/R |
| Proença et al. (2010) [12] | 20 (14:6) | NTN | No | FABP | M7 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Wong et al. (2011) [13] | 22 (14:8) | NTN | No | ABP | M7 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Mase et al. (2011) [27] | 33 (19:14) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP | MI | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.89 DBP = 0.78 |
| Gesche et al. (2012) [28] | 63 (36:27) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.83 DBP = N/R |
| Kato et al. (2012) [29] | 1 (1:0) | NTN | No | CBP | M8 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.805 DBP = 0.633 |
| Baek et al. (2012) [30] | 5 (5:0) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.848 DBP = N/R |
| Kim et al. (2013) [31] | 23 (17:6) | HTN | Yes | ABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.81 DBP = 0.81 |
| Spießhöfer et al. (2013) [32] | 29 (27:2) | N/R | Yes | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Chen et al. (2013) [33] | 5 (N/R) | NTN | No | CBP | M2 | SBP = 9.0 ± 5.6 DBP = 1.8 ± 1.3 |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Puke et al. (2013) [34] | 4 (3:1) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 | SBP = 6.91 ± 4.23 DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Couceiro et al. (2013) [35] | 43 (23:20) | N/R | Yes | FABP | M7 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Solà et al. (2013) [36] | 15 (15:0) | NTN | No | CBP | M7 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Jeong & Finkelstein (2013) [37] | 5 (2:3) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Wang et al. (2014) [38] | 6 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 |
SBP = 0.04 ± 3.78
DBP = −0.01 ± 4.34 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
| Thomas et al. (2014) [39] | 4 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Ma, HT (2014) [40] | 30 (N/R) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP R2 = 0.96 DBP R2 = 0.71 |
| Zhang et al. (2014) [41] | 2 (N/R) | N/R | Yes | ABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Vlahandonis et al. (2014) [42] | 25 (12:18) | NTN | Yes | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Younessi heravi et al. (2014) [21] | 25 (15:10) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 |
SBP = 6.73 ± 2.68 DBP = 8.13 ± 3.18 |
SBP = 0.89
DBP = 0.82 |
| Gomez Garcia et al. (2014) [43] | 30 (20:10) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP | M1 | SBP = −0.2 ± 2.4 DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.88 DBP = 0.58 |
| Wibmer et al. (2014) [44] | 20 (14:6) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP R2 = 0.92 DBP R2 = 0.46 |
| Zheng et al. (2014) [45] | 10 (N/R) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = 2.8 ± 8.2 DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Liu et al. (2014) [46] | 46 (34:7) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP, FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Liu et al. (2015) [47] | 10 (6:4) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Tang et al. (2015) [48] | 9 (9:0) | NTN | No | CBP, FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Ding & Zhang (2015) [16] | 5 (N/R) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 + PIR | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Tamura et al. (2015) [49] | 9 (9:0) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 | 0.7 ± 3.65 (Unclear if SBP or DBP) | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Kim et al. (2015) [15] | 15 (10:5) | NTN | No | PAT | M2 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.81 DBP = 0.83 |
| Wibmer et al. (2015) [50] | 18 (11:7) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.93 DBP = N/R |
| Ding et al. (2016) [51] | 27 (14:13) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 + PIR |
SBP = −0.037 ± 5.21
DBP = −0.08 ± 4.06 |
SBP = 0.91
DBP = 0.88 |
| Thomas et al. (2016) [52] | 11 (N/R) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.72 DBP = 0.70 |
| Sun et al. (2016) [53] | 19 (14:5) | N/R | No | FABP | M1 | SBP = 0.43 ± 13.52 DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.93 DBP = N/R |
| Ding et al. (2016) [22] | 85 (37:48) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP | M1 |
SBP = −1.55 ± 13.79 DBP = 0.07 ± 8.49 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
| Martin et al. (2016) [5] | 22 (19:3) | NTN | No | FABP | M2 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Dai et al. (2016) [54] | 7 (N/R) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Zhang et al. (2016) [11] | 2 (N/R) | NTN | N/R | CBP | M8 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Shahrbabaki et al. (2016) [55] | 10 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP R2 = 0.59 DBP R2 = 0.42 |
| Gholamhosseini et al. (2016) [56] | 13 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Schoot et al. (2016) [57] | 37 (18:19) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Jain et al. (2016) [58] | 72 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Liu et al. (2016) [7] | 20 (N/R) | NTN, HTN | Yes | FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP R2 = 0.95 DBP = N/R |
| Kachuee et al. (2017) [59] | 1000 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | ABP | M1 | SBP = −0.06 ± 9.88 DBP = 0.36 ± 5.7 |
SBP = 0.54 DBP = 0.57 |
| Tang et al. (2017) [60] | 12 (11:1) | NTN, HTN | No | ABP | M1 |
SBP = 0.2 ± 5.8
DBP = 0.4 ± 5.7 |
SBP = 0.92
DBP = 0.64 |
| Seeberg et al. (2017) [61] | 18 (15:3) | N/R | Yes | CBP, FABP | M7 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.69
DBP = 0.38 |
| Janjua et al. (2017) [62] | 11 (9:2) | NTN | No | CBP | M8 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Liu et al. (2017) [63] | 20 (N/R) | NTN | No | CBP | M7 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.7 DBP = N/R |
| Chen et al. (2017) [64] | 10 (5:5) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 |
SBP = −0.91 ± 3.84
DBP = −0.36 ± 3.36 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
| Ahmaniemi et al. (2017) [65] | 30 (N/R) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.42 DBP = 0.06 |
| Zhang et al. (2017) [66] | 10 (7:3) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 | SBP = 1.63 ± 4.4 DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Lin et al. (2017) [67] | 22 (N/R) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 + PIR | SBP = 3.22 ± 8.02 DBP = 3.13 ± 4.82 |
SBP = 0.93 DBP = 0.95 |
| Bhattacharya et al. (2017) [68] | 6 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Ding et al. (2017) [69] | 33 (N/R) | NTN, HTN | Yes | FABP | M1 + PIR |
SBP = 1.17 ± 5.72
DBP = 0.46 ± 5.49 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
| Pflugradt et al. (2017) [70] | N/R (N/R) | N/R | N/R | ABP | M1 | SBP = 0.015 ± 4.41 DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Ding et al. (2017) [71] | 6 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | ABP | M1 + PIR | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Xu et al. (2017) [72] | 10 (8:2) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M1 |
SBP = 4.5 ± 6.13
DBP = 3.4 ± 3.37 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
| Ibrahim et al. (2017) [19] | 3 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | PTT, FABP | M6 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.84 DBP = N/R |
| Lo et al. (2017) [73] | 25 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | ABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Yang & Tavassolian (2018) [17] | 10 (10:0) | NTN | No | CBP | M3 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.58 DBP = 0.57 |
| Rajala et al. (2018) [74] | 30 (19:11) | NTN | No | CBP | MI | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.37 DBP = N/R |
| Wang et al. (2018) [75] | 59 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | CBP | M5 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Lin et al. (2018) [76] | 22 (N/R) | NTN | No | FABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Kim et al. (2018) [77] | N/R (N/R) | N/R | N/R | PAT | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Sharifi et al. (2018) [78] | 1000 (N/R) | N/R | N/R | ABP | M1 + PIR |
SBP = −0.29 ± 9.1 DBP = −0.1 ± 8.62 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
| Ahmaniemi et al. (2018) [79] | 10 (9:1) | NTN | No | FABP | MI | SBP = 9.8 DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.75 DBP = N/R |
| Liang et al. (2018) [80] | 121 (N/R) | NTN, HTN | Yes | ABP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Yang et al. (2018) [18] | 10 (N/R) | NTN | No | PTT | M9 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
| Xu et al. (2018) [81] | 41 (21:21) | NTN | No | CBP | M1 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.817 DBP = 0.757 |
| Chen et al. (2018) [82] | 60 (40:20) | NTN, HTN | Yes | CBP | M1 + PIR, HPSR | SBP = 0.61 ± 9.36 DBP = 0.68 ± 6.67 |
SBP = 0.93 DBP = 0.89 |
| Lee et al. (2018) [23] | 11 (11:0) | NTN | No | FABP | M10 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.915 DBP = 0.854 |
| Feng et al. (2018) [83] | 28 (15:13) | N/R | Yes | ABP | M1 |
SBP = −0.98 ± 6.0
DBP = 0.02 ± 4.98 |
SBP = N/R
DBP = N/R |
| Huynh et al. (2018) [20] | 15 (10:5) | NTN | No | CBP | M4 | SBP = N/R DBP = N/R |
SBP = 0.88 DBP = 0.88 |