Table 5.
The microelement concentrations (in the 10–14th week of pregnancy) and pregnancy results.
| Microelement Concentrations (µg/L) * (Mean ±SD) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENIUM (Se) |
IRON (Fe) |
ZINC (Zn) |
COPPER (Cu) |
||
| Pregnancy Results | n | ||||
| Gestational age at birth | |||||
| <34th week | 17 | 56.71 (40.91) | 904.82 (270.51) | 599.35 (85.06) | 1832.31 (393.00) |
| ≥34th week | 546 | 60.88 (41.14) | 1021.87 (343.44) | 619.09 (151.14) | 1732.91 (318.39) |
| p-value ** | 0.043 | 0.186 | 0.388 | 0.188 | |
| Gestational age at birth | |||||
| <37th week | 47 | 58.97 (8.20) | 925.40 (232.10) | 604.76 (75.82) | 1751.74 (335.29) |
| ≥37th week | 516 | 60.91 (8.43) | 1026.80 (349.09) | 619.75 (154.52) | 1734.47 (319.89) |
| p-value ** | 0.148 | 0.091 | 0.561 | 0.556 | |
| Birth weight <10′ | |||||
| <10 percentile | 48 | 59.60 (41.14) | 969.28 (301.28) | 631.09 (97.19) | 1651.58 (268.92) |
| ≥10 percentile | 515 | 60.89 (40.91) | 1022.90 (345.31) | 617.32 (153.55) | 1743.77 (324.46) |
| p-value ** | 0.303 | 0.374 | 0.143 | 0.031 | |
| Birth weight >90′ | |||||
| >90 percentile | 64 | 59.66 (45.17) | 974.11 (295.33) | 616.04 (84.85) | 1731.86 (301.55) |
| ≤90 percentile | 499 | 60.86 (40.91) | 1024.00 (347.23) | 618.81 (156.00) | 1736.43 (323.61) |
| p-value ** | 0.296 | 0.361 | 0.903 | 0.853 | |
| IUGR | |||||
| Yes | 13 | 55.59 7.90 | 910.08 271.15 | 636.82 64.06 | 1577.29 336.24 |
| No | 550 | 60.87 8.40 | 1020.89 343.14 | 618.06 151.00 | 1739.66 319.93 |
| p-value | 0.026 | 0.316 | 0.159 | 0.113 | |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) | |||||
| PIH cases | 120 | 57.56 (40.91) | 948.86 (333.73) | 610.16 (87.95) | 1699.48 (299.35) |
| Normotensive controls | 443 | 61.62 (41.14) | 1037.15 (341.97) | 620.75 (162.28) | 1745.78 (326.15) |
| p-value ** | 0.000002 | 0.014 | 0.976 | 0.235 | |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) | |||||
| GDM cases | 110 | 61.88 (44.39) | 964.03 (313.88) | 629.20 (104.66) | 1798.27 356.53 |
| Women without GDM | 453 | 60.48 (40.91) | 1031.52 (347.36) | 615.90 (158.54) | 1720.77 310.21 |
| p-value ** | 0.161 | 0.039 | 0.084 | 0.061 | |
* Microelement concentrations were measured in serum samples from the 10–14th gestational week; ** p-value was obtained using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test (p < 0.05 was considered to be significant; IUGR: Intrauterine growth restriction; PIH: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (105 cases of gestational hypertension and 15 cases of preeclampsia); GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus (90 cases of GDM-1 and 20 cases of GDM-2).