Table 4.

Diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic steatosis (HS) in celiac patients on a GFD.

Study (Year)	Study Design	Follow-up	NAFLD/Celiac Disease	NAFLD/Healthy Control	OR, HR, P-Value
Reilly et al. (2015) * [36]	Prospective cohort	11.4 ± 6.4 years	53/26861 (21/100.00) †	85/130051 (6/100.000) †	HR = 2.8 (2.0–3.8; p < 0.001)
Tovoli et al. (2018) [37]	Case–control	-	70/202 (34.7%)	44/202 (21.8%)	OR = 2.90 (CI: 1.64–5.15; p < 0.001)
Study (Year)	Study Design	Follow-up Years * (Range)	HS/Celiac Disease before GFD	HS/Celiac Disease after GFD	P-Value
Ciccone et al. (2019) ** [35]	Retrospective cohort	7(1–36) years	3/185 (1.7%)	20/185 (11.1%)	p < 0.0001
Imperatore et al. (2018) * [38]	Prospective cohort	1 years	78/301 (25.9%)	112/301(37.2%)	p < 0.01

Note: CD: celiac disease; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; HS: hepatic steatosis; HR: hazard ratio; OR: odds ratio; HS: hepatic steatosis; * (mean ± SD); ** median; † person years.