Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and results of P wave signal-averaged ECG.
| Variables | PAF (n = 125) |
ESUS (n = 125) |
p Value * | ESUS with SCAF (n = 32) |
ESUS wo SCAF (n = 93) |
p Value † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.3 ± 12.2 | 68.4 ± 12.1 | 0.045 | 70.9 ± 7.8 | 67.6 ± 13.2 | 0.089 |
| Male (%) | 68 (54.4) | 69 (55.2) | 1 | 15 (46.9) | 54 (58.1) | 0.272 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.7 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 0.090 | 25.2 ± 3.4 | 23.5 ± 3.7 | 0.290 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 0.282 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 0.330 |
| HTN (%) | 80 (64.0) | 87 (69.6) | 0.420 | 25 (78.1) | 62 (66.7) | 0.224 |
| DM (%) | 24 (19.2) | 22 (17.6) | 0.871 | 3 (9.4) | 19 (20.4) | 0.188 |
| Previous stroke or TIA (%) | 10 (8.0) | 7 (5.6) | 0.451 | 4 (12.5) | 3 (3.2) | 0.070 |
| Recurrent stroke (%) | 2 (1.6) | 22 (17.6) | <0.001 | 8 (25.0) | 14 (15.1) | 0.280 |
| New onset AF (%) | 0 (0) | 32 (25.6) | <0.001 | 32 (100) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Signal-averaged ECG | ||||||
| Standard PWD (ms) | 134.5 ± 15.4 | 132.4 ± 17.5 | 0.321 | 139.4 ± 44.2 | 131.1 ± 27.3 | 0.212 |
| Total PWD (ms) | 138.1 ± 26.2 | 137.3 ± 31.0 | 0.839 | 143.1 ± 42.6 | 135.3 ± 25.8 | 0.221 |
| Terminal 40 ms (μV) | 4.6 ± 2.9 | 4.3 ± 2.5 | 0.506 | 4.5 ± 3.1 | 4.2 ± 2.4 | 0.603 |
| Terminal 30 ms (μV) | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 0.151 | 3.7 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 2.1 | 0.549 |
| Terminal 20 ms (μV) | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 0.116 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.997 |
| RMS voltage of P wave (μV) | 6.3 ± 2.3 | 6.1 ± 2.2 | 0.580 | 6.2 ± 2.9 | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 0.855 |
| Integral of P wave (μV·ms) | 628.0 ± 240.1 | 609.5 ± 225.3 | 0.531 | 615.2 ± 277.4 | 607.6 ± 206.1 | 0.888 |
| Noise (μV) | 0.38 ± 0.22 | 0.37 ± 0.21 | 0.603 | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 0.38 ± 0.22 | 0.309 |
*: PAF vs. ESUS, †: ESUS with SCAF vs. ESUS wo (= without) SCAF. AF = atrial fibrillation, BMI = body mass index, CHA2DS2-VASc = acronym of [Cardiac failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 (2 points), Diabetes mellitus, prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack (2 points), Vascular disease, Age 65–74, Sex category (female)], DM = diabetes mellitus, ECG = electrocardiography, ESUS = embolic stroke of undetermined source, HTN = hypertension, PAF = paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, PWD = P wave duration, RMS = root mean square, SCAF = subclinical atrial fibrillation, TIA = transient ischemic attack.