Table 1.
Patients baseline characteristics (n = 24) and foot characteristics (n = 48).
| Baseline Characteristics | Patients (n = 24) |
|---|---|
| Male n (%) | 17 (70.8) |
| Female n (%) | 7 (29.2) |
| Type 1 DM n (%) | 3 (12.5) |
| Type 2 DM n (%) | 21 (87.5) |
| Retinopathy n (%) | 15 (62.5) |
| Nephropathy n (%) | 1 (4.2) |
| Foot deformity n (%) | 22 (85) |
| Diabetic polyneuropathy (%) | 24 (100) |
| Mean age ± SD (years) | 62.5 ± 8.8 |
| Body mass index (kg/cm2), mean ± SD | 27.3 ± 4.6 |
| Glycated hemoglobin mmol/mol (%), mean ± SD | 53 (7.03) ± 1.15 |
| Diabetes mellitus (years), mean ± SD | 21.3 ± 14.1 |
| Foot Characteristics | n = 48 feet |
| Hallux abductus valgus n (%) | 6 (12.5) |
| Hammer toes n (%) | 37 (77.1) |
| Taylor bunion n (%) | 14 (29.2) |
| Previous amputation n (%) | 28 (58.3) |
| Previous DFU n (%) | 39 (81.3) |
| Interphalangeal joint of the hallux n (%) | 2 (5.2) |
| First MTH n (%) | 13 (33.3) |
| Second MTH n (%) | 11 (28.2) |
| Fourth MTH n (%) | 8 (20.5) |
| Fifth MTH n (%) | 5 (12.8) |
| Foot Posture Index (FPI), mean ± SD | 1.6 ± 4.8 |
| Neutral n (%) | 26 (54.2) |
| Pronated n (%) | 6 (12.5) |
| Supinated n (%) | 16 (33.3) |
| Barefoot maximal mean pressure in the forefoot (kPa), mean ± SD | 757.2 ± 357.8 |
| Barefoot force time integral in the forefoot (kPa/s), mean ± SD | 244.52 ± 156.65 |
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; SD, standard deviation; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; MTH, metatarsal head; Foot Posture Index: pronated feet include values between +1 to +7, pronated > +7 and supinated < 0 according to the FPI-6.