Table 2.
Estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR), meal count, and total overall and macronutrient caloric intake expressed as percentages of BMR across each day type.
| Rest Day (n = 28) |
Morning Shift (n = 21) |
Evening Shift (n = 17) |
Night Shift (n = 24) |
Effect of Day Type 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F (df) | p | |
| 24-h BMR (kcal) 1 | 1708 | 191 | 1734 | 210 | 1717 | 229 | 1679 | 205 | 0.81 (3,84) | 0.491 |
| Meal count (n) | 7.5 M,E,N | 2.2 | 6.3 R,E,N | 2.1 | 5.0 R,M,N | 1.4 | 5.9 R,M,E | 1.7 | 11.91 (3,58) | <0.001 |
| Total Intake (%) 2 | 183.5 E,N | 52.8 | 170.5 E | 51.4 | 129.6 R,M | 46.4 | 142.7 R | 41.6 | 7.90 (3,61) | 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 77.0 | 28.1 | 74.5 | 25.8 | 59.6 | 26.8 | 65.4 | 26.4 | 2.95 (3,59) | 0.064 |
| Sugars (%) | 29.2 | 14.5 | 32.4 | 14.1 | 25.8 | 12.9 | 26.6 | 13.7 | 1.09 (3,61) | 0.411 |
| Total Fat (%) | 67.4 E,N | 26.9 | 62.8 E | 25.9 | 45.2 R,M | 19.3 | 50.2 R | 18.8 | 5.67 (3,63) | 0.004 |
| Saturated Fat (%) | 23.4 E,N | 12.4 | 20.0 | 9.9 | 15.2 R | 7.9 | 16.6 R | 7.6 | 4.85 (3,63) | 0.008 |
| Total Protein (%) | 30.4 | 11.1 | 28.2 | 9.0 | 23.7 | 8.2 | 26.8 | 9.5 | 2.02 (3,60) | 0.161 |
1 Caloric intake (kcal) required to maintain metabolic function at rest for 24 h [59]. 2 Total intake as a percentage of BMR includes calories from carbohydrate, fat, protein, and alcohol. 3 Mixed-effects models compared the effect of day type, corrected for sex and age; p-values adjusted with the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Percentage of estimated basal metabolic rate (% BMR) weighted for day length, i.e., from wake time of the main sleep preceding the shift/rest day until the wake time of the one following; R,M,E,N = significant differences (adjusted, p < 0.05) between corresponding day types (i.e., Rest, Morning, Evening, Night).