Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and healthy controls.
| Healthy Control (n = 32) |
OSA (Pre-AT) (n = 55) |
OSA (Post-AT) (n = 55) |
p 1 Value (Post-AT vs. Pre-AT) |
p 2 Value (Post-AT vs. Control) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of males (%) | 21 (65.6%) | 36 (65.5%) | 36 (65.5%) | - | 0.982 |
| Age (years) | 7.02 ± 0.65 | 7.67 ± 2.64 | - | - | 0.097 |
| BMI, corrected BMI z score (kg/m2) a | 17.44 ± 3.08 | 16.83 ± 4.03 | 17.67 ± 4.28 | 0.001 * | 0.780 |
| PLM disorder (%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (1.8%) | - | 0.401 |
| Learning disorder (%) b | 0 (0%) | 3 (5.5%) | 3 (5.5%) | - | 0.154 |
| ADHD (%) b | 2 (6.2%) | 29 (52.7%) | 20 (36.4%) | 0.081 | <0.001 * |
| Enuresis (%) b | 4 (12.5%) | 24 (43.6%) | 10 (18.1%) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
| Findings of ENT | |||||
| Tonsil hypertrophy(%) | 4 (12.5%: gr.2) | 50 (90.9%: more than gr. 2) | 0 | <0.001 * | 0.040 * |
| Adenoid hypertrophy (%) c | 3 (9.3%: gr.0) | 52 (94.5%: gr.1–3) | 0 | <0.001 * | 0.080 |
| Turbinate hypertrophy (%) c | 1 (3.1%: mild) | 29 (56.9%) | 25 (45.5%) | 0.452 | <0.001 * |
| Nasoseptal deviation (%) c | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.0%) | 2 (4.0%) | - | 0.237 |
| Allergic rhinitis (%) c | 4 (12.5%: mild) | 40 (78.4%) | 31 (56.4%) | 0.073 | <0.001 * |
* p < 0.05. T-test and Chi square test were performed. ADHD: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BMI: body mass index; ENT: ear, nose, and throat; OSA: the OSA group; PLM: periodic limb movement. Pre-AT: before adenotonsillectomy. Post-AT: half a year after adenotonsillectomy; gr.: grade. a Corrected BMI z score based on the Center for Disease Control (CDC) growth charts. b Diagnosed according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). c Diagnosed by pediatric ENT.