Figure 4.

Inflammatory markers (nitric oxide, NO; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; myeloperoxidase, MPO; and C-reactive protein, CRP) in the kidney tissue of rats in response to MOEE administration (400 mg/kg bw, orally) and/or CoCl₂ treatment (300 mg/L in drinking water). Bars carrying different letters (a, b, c, d, e) are significantly differently (p ˂ 0.05) (mean ± SE). One—way ANOVA followed by Tukey B post hoc test. MOEE: Moringa oleifera leave ethanolic extract-administered group, CoCl₂: Cobalt chloride-exposed group, MOEE/ CoCl₂ + MOEE: prophylaxis co-treated group, CoCl₂ + MOEE/MOEE: therapeutic co-treated group.