Table 1.
Biological and anthropometric characteristics of patients, according to their obesity class, and controls.
| Variables | Controls | Obese Patients | Class I Obesity | Class II Obesity | Class III Obesity | p-Values for Comparisons between Obese Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 40 | 139 | 47 | 45 | 47 | |
| Age, years | 45.6 ± 16.9 | 47.0 ±15.2 | 46.6 ± 15.7 | 46.6 ± 14.5 | 47.8 ± 15.5 | 0.912 |
| Weight, kg | 61.0 ± 7.8 | 101.2 ± 17.2 *** | 87.5 ± 8.2 a | 97.1 ± 10.8 b | 118.9 ± 13.5 c | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 163.3 ± 6.0 | 162.1 ± 7.4 | 163.3 ± 7.2 | 161.0 ± 7.9 | 162.0 ± 7.2 | 0.344 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 22.8 ± 2.0 | 38.5 ± 5.9 *** | 32.7 ± 1.4 a | 37.3 ± 1.4 b | 45.3 ± 4.3 c | <0.001 |
| Body composition | ||||||
| Fat mass, kg | 19.2 ± 5.1 | 46.4 ± 11.1 *** | 36.8 ± 4.1 a | 44.6 ± 6.6 b | 57.9 ± 8.9 c | <0.001 |
| Fat mass, % | 30.8 ± 5.4 | 45.0 ± 4.6 *** | 41.5 ± 3.0 a | 45.1 ± 4.3 b | 48.3 ± 3.7 c | <0.001 |
| Lean body mass, kg | 40.4 ± 4.9 | 53.7 ± 9.4 *** | 49.7 ± 5.7 a | 51.0 ± 9.7 a | 58.2 ± 9.8 b | <0.001 |
| Bone mineral density | ||||||
| Whole body (g/cm²) | 1.056 ± 0.085 | 1.114 ± 0.100 *** | 1.101 ± 0.103 | 1.101 ± 0.085 | 1.140 ± 0.106 | 0.093 |
| Z-score whole body (SD) | −0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.0 *** | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.100 |
| Hip (g/cm²) | 0.886 ± 0.115 | 1.028 ± 0.130 *** | 1.016 ± 0.142 | 1.004 ± 0.118 | 1.063 ± 0.123 | 0.069 |
| Z-score hip (SD) | −0.1 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ±1.0 *** | 0.9 ± 1.1 a,b | 0.8 ± 0.9 a | 1.4 ± 1.0 b | 0.022 |
| Lumbar spine (g/cm²) | 0.949 ± 0.132 | 1.051 ± 0.137 *** | 1.048 ± 0.146 | 1.044 ± 0.134 | 1.061 ± 0.132 | 0.816 |
| Z-score lumbar spine (SD) | −0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 1.3 *** | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 0.690 |
| Radius (g/cm²) | 0.558 ± 0.052 | 0.584 ± 0.048 ** | 0.581 ± 0.048 | 0.591 ± 0.048 | 0.579 ± 0.048 | 0.417 |
| Z-score radius (SD) | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.0 * | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.608 |
| Bone markers | ||||||
| Osteocalcin, ng/mL | 24.3 ± 7.9 | 10.3 ± 5.1 *** | 12.3 ± 6.4 a | 9.2 ± 3.8 b | 9.4 ± 4.2 b | 0.015 |
| sCTx, ng/ml | 0.39 ± 0.22 | 0.21 ± 0.23 *** | 0.26 ± 0.26 a | 0.19 ± 0.15 a,b | 0.18 ±0.24 b | 0.006 |
| Trap−5 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.5 *** | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.067 |
| Adipokines | ||||||
| Adiponectin | 16.5 ± 7.2 | 12.0 ± 8.0 *** | 15.1 ± 8.6 a | 8.7 ± 4.8 b | 12.3 ± 8.8 a,b | <0.001 |
| Leptin | 29.1 ± 17.4 | 67.1 ± 46.7 *** | 52.1 ± 27.6 a | 48.3 ± 29.3 a | 100.1 ± 57.1 b | <0.001 |
| Myokines | ||||||
| Myostatin | 41.2 ± 23.8 | 44.5 ± 13.4 * | 41.7 ± 9.4 a | 40.6 ± 13.8 a | 51.2 ± 14.2 b | <0.001 |
| Follistatin | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 2.0 ± 1.8 * | 1.6 ± 1.3 a | 1.8 ± 1.7 a | 2.7 ± 2.1 b | 0.007 |
| Irisin | 17.8 ± 7.2 | 6.7 ± 3.4 *** | 5.6 ± 2.1 a | 6.9 ± 4.0 a,b | 7.8 ± 3.4 b | 0.004 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard (standard deviation, SD) deviation. Patients with obesity were classified into three subgroups according to the body mass index (BMI) as follows: Class I obesity: patients with BMI 30–34.9 kg/m²; Class II obesity: patients with BMI 35–39.9 kg/m²; and Class III obesity: patients with BMI ≥40 kg/m². * indicates a significant difference between controls and patients with obesity for p < 0.05, ** for p < 0.01 and *** for p < 0.001. For comparisons between subgroups of patients with obesity according to the BMI, there are no significant differences when two subgroups share the same letter (a, b, c) or no letter is displayed. BMI: body mass index; sCTx: type I-C telopeptide breakdown products; Trap-5: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5.