Table 5.
Antimicrobial activities of hot water and ethanol extracts of Buckfast honey bee drone larvae, pupae and adults from Denmark against pathogenic and food spoilage microorganisms. The concentration of extracts and standard chemicals (Ampicillin and Miconazole) used were 500 µg/disc and 1.0 µg/disc, respectively.
| Extract | Antimicrobial Activity (Clear Zone: mm) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Gram Negative Bacteria | Fungi | ||||||||
| LM | SE | SA | BS | EC | PA | ST | PV | CA | SC | |
| Larvae | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Late pupae | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Adult | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Ampicillin | 13 ± 0.1 | 21 ± 0.2 | 15 ± 0.1 | 12 ± 0.2 | 6 ± 0.1 | 8 ± 0.2 | 11 ± 0.1 | 18 ± 0.2 | -- | -- |
| Miconazole | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 8 ± 0.1 | 13 ± 0.2 |
LM: Listeria monocytogenes, SE: Staphylococcus epidermidis, SA: Staphylococcus aureus, BS: Bacillus subtilis, EC: Escherichia coli, PA: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ST: Salmonella typhimurium, PV: Proteus vulgaris, CA: Candida albicans, and SC: Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ‘—‘indicates no activity.