Table 3.

GRADE evidence profile.

Certainty Assessment							№ of Patients		Effect	Certainty	Comments
№ of Studies	Study Design	Risk of Bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other Considerations	Physical Activity	NO Intervention	Absolute (95% C.I.)
Disability RCTs (assessed with: ODI; Scale from: 0% to 100%)
2 [33,35]	randomized trials	not serious	serious	not serious	serious	none	52	46	MD 1.24% lower (1.94 lower to 0.54 lower), (p = 0.0005 *)	⊕⊕◯◯ LOW	PA group shows a lower ODI mean value after treatment. It represents a possible positive influence of PA in improving disability
Disability RCTs (assessed with: SF-36; Scale from: 0 to 100)
2 [31,32]	randomised trials	not serious	serious	not serious	serious	none	77	67	MD 2.88 point higher (−3.30 lower to 9.6 higher), (p = 0.36)	⊕⊕◯◯ LOW	PA group shows a higher SF-36 mean value after treatment. It represents a possible positive influence of PA in improving disability
Pain RCT (assessed with: NRS; Scale from: 0 to 10)
1 [36]	randomized trials	not serious	not serious	not serious	serious	none	35	17	MD 1.73 points lower (3.11 lower to 0.35 lower), (p = 0.01 *)	⊕⊕⊕◯ MODERATE	PA group shows a lower mean NRS after treatment. It represents a possible positive influence of PA in improving pain
Pain NRCT (assessed with: Global Rating Change; Scale from: 1 to 10)
1 [34]	observational studies	serious	not serious	not serious	serious	none	238	154	MD 1 points lower (1.53 lower to 0.47 lower), (p < 0.001 *)	⊕⊕◯◯ LOW	PA group shows a lower mean pain value after treatment. It represents a possible positive influence of PA in improving pain

C.I.: confidence interval; MD: mean difference; *: statistically significant; NRCT: non-randomized controlled trials; RCT: randomized controlled trials; PA: physical activity; SF-36: 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; NRS: Numerical pain rating scale.